Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization: A Problem-Solution Discussion with Geoscience Experts

Description

Over the past several years, there has been a growing integration of data – geophysical, geological, petrophysical, engineering-related, and production-related – in predicting and determining reservoir properties. As such, geoscientists now must learn the technology, processes, and challenges involved within their specific functions in order to optimize planning for oil field development. Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization presents challenging questions encountered by geoscientists in their day-to-day work in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields and provides potential solutions from experts. From basin analysis of conventional and unconventional reservoirs, to seismic attributes analysis, NMR for reservoir characterization, amplitude versus offset (AVO), well-to-seismic tie, seismic inversion studies, rock physics, pore pressure prediction, and 4D for reservoir monitoring, the text examines challenges in the industry as well as the techniques used to overcome those challenges. This book includes valuable contributions from global industry experts: Brian Schulte (Schiefer Reservoir Consulting), Dr. Neil W. Craigie (Saudi Aramco), Matthijs van der Molen (Shell International E&P), Dr. Fred W. Schroeder (ExxonMobil, retired), Dr. Tharwat Hassane (Schlumberger & BP, retired), and others. Cover Title-pag_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Charac Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization Copyrigh_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Charact Copyright Contents_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Charact Contents List-of-contribu_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir List of contributors Foreword_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Charact Foreword Acknowledgmen_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Ch Acknowledgments Chapter-1---Unconventional-and-de_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil- 1 Unconventional and deepwater reservoir architecture Basin analysis: overview and uses Uses of basin analysis What is a sedimentary basin? Rift basins WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 1 Technical solution provided by Oleksandr Okprekyi Sr. Geologist at Burisma Technical solution provided by Zaw Win Aung Exploration Geologist at MPRL E&P, Myanmar Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Basin analysis workflow: from large-scale to mini-scale Large-scale analysis Medium-scale analysis Small-scale analysis WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 2 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Technical solution provided by Zaw Win Aung Exploration Geologist at MPRL E&P, Myanmar Technical solution provided by Oleksandr Okprekyi Sr. Geologist at Burisma Question 3 Technical solution provided by Oleksandr Okprekyi Sr. Geologist at Burisma Technical solution provided by Zaw Win Aung Exploration Geologist at MPRL E&P, Myanmar Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Geological architecture of unconventional reservoirs Unconventional and tight gas sands: what we know now Shale oil and gas Oil shale WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 4 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Question 5 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Technical solution/answer Tar sands Tar sand extraction and processing WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 6 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director geophysics at Telesto Energy Coal-bed methane Tight gas reservoir sands WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 7 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Early shale play production projections and subsequent adjustments WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 8 Technical solution provided by Robert Avakian Geophysicist Instructor, Oklahoma State University, Institute of Technology, Okmulgee, OK Technical solution/answer Upper Safa formation Techniques for unconventional reservoir evaluation and characterization Geochemical analysis Total organic carbon Level of maturity WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 9 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Petrophysical analysis Log analysis Interpretation analysis TOC logs and values analysis Total original gas in place (TOGIP) WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 10 Technical solution provided by Neil Craigie Geological Consultant at Saudi Aramco Technical solution/answer Question 11 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG Deepwater reservoir WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 12 Technical solution provided by Robert Avakian Geophysicist Instructor, Oklahoma State University, Institute of Technology, Okmulgee, OK Technical solution/answer Question 13 Technical solution provided by Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Team Lead at CGG References Further reading Chapter-2---Qualitative-seis_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-G 2 Qualitative seismic interpretation Understand your seismic data Advantages of seismic data Disadvantages of seismic data Two-dimensional seismic data Three-dimensional seismic data WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 14 Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Technical solution provided by HeshamShalaby Sr. Geophysicist, Dragon Oil Seismic data interpretation and analysis Data set needed for seismic interpretation Seismic interpretation step-by-step methods WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 15 Technical solution provided by Robert Avakian Retired Geophysicist, Instructor, Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology Question 16 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS Question 17 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS Technical solution provided by HeshamShalaby Senior Geophysicist at Dragon Oil Answer/solution Question 18 Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Answer Question 19 Answer Structural analysis WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 20 Technical solution provided by RagabRamy Senior Geophysicist at Edison International Spa, Egypt Question 21 Technical solution provided by Zaw Win Aung Exploration Geologist at MPRL E&P, Myanmar Question 22 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution provided by José Adauto de Souza Senior Geophysicist, Consultant at Exploratory Vision Technical solution provided by Robert Avakian Retired Geophysicist, Instructor, Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology Structural trap Synthetic fault Antithetic fault Fault block Hanging wall Footwall Collapsed crest structure Horst Graben WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 23 Answer Fault interpretation WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 24 Technical solution provided by RagabRamy Senior Geophysicist at Edison International Spa, Egypt Gridding Tying loops WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 25 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Answer Technique used to enhance fault in three-dimensional seismic data Coherency WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 26 Answer/solution Fault picking Guide to fault picking WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 27 Technical solution provided by RagabRamy Senior Geophysicist at Edison International Spa, Egypt Question 28 Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Question 29 Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Question 30 Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martinez Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Seismic horizon mapping Seismic horizon interpretation steps WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 31 Technical solution provided by RamyRagab Sr. Exploration Geophysicist Sequence stratigraphy interpretation Important information about seismic data and stratigraphy Methods for correlating stratigraphy Reduce uncertainties in reservoir predictions using sequence stratigraphy and seismic inversion WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 32 Answer/solution Unconformities Types of unconformity References Further reading Chapter-3---Chemostratigraphy-and-its-a_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrate 3 Chemostratigraphy and its application in integrated reservoir correlation Introduction Aims, objectives and outline Definition of chemostratigraphy and development of the technique What is chemostratigraphy? Analytical methodology Sampling procedures Sample preparation Analytical techniques ICP–OES and ICP–MS XRF technology Advantages and disadvantages of XRF and ICP Assessment of data quality Geochemistry and mineralogy Comparison with mineralogical data Statistical techniques Eigenvectors EV1:EV2 and principal components PC1:PC2 (sandstones) Eigenvectors EV2:EV3 and Principal Components PC2:PC3 (sandstones) Eigenvectors EV3:EV4 and principal components PC3:PC4 (sandstones) Graphical techniques Summary of element:mineral links Construction of A chemostratigraphic scheme Case study on the chemostratigraphy of Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian sediments, Eastern Saudi Arabia Concluding remarks References Chapter-4---Amplitude-and-attribute-_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-O 4 Amplitude and attribute analysis for reservoir characterization Seismic amplitude analysis Effective use of seismic amplitude for reservoir characterization Seismic attributes analysis Application of seismic attributes . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 33 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 34 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 35 Technical solutions provided by Alfredo Sanchez Gonzalez Geologist at Net Brains Services Question 36 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Analysis of different seismic attributes . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 37 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical response to Rajeshwaran solution WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 38 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 39 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy The use of interval attributes on an interface property . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 40 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Seismic attribute as direct hydrocarbon indicator Direct hydrocarbon indicator Direct hydrocarbon indicator fluid characteristics Bright spots Flat spot WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 41 Answer/solution Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martinez Seismic data processing/imaging expert Question 42 Answer/solution Polarity reversal Dim spot WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 43 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 44 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Poststack attributes Coherence Dip WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 45 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Prestack attributes Spectral decomposition How to determine reservoir thickness using seismic attribute WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 46 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Techniques used for spectral decomposition Application of spectral decomposition for reservoir characterization . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 47 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 48 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS Technical solutions provided by Alfredo Sanchez Gonzalez Geologist at Net Brains Services Spectral whitening/bluing WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 49 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 50 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Thin reservoir bed characterization using a wedge model How to detect faults in thin bed using seismic attributes . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 51 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 52 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Attribute analysis in carbonate reservoir (Fig. 4.32) . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 53 Technical solutions provided by Alfredo Sanchez Gonzalez Geologist at Net Brains Services Question 54 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 55 Technical solutions provided by Alfredo Sanchez Gonzalez Geologist at Net Brains Services Seismic attribute for unconventional reservoirs . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 56 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS References Further reading Chapter-5---Nuclear-magnetic-resonance-a_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrat 5 Nuclear magnetic resonance and its applications for reservoir characterization Introduction Historical development Purpose of nuclear magnetic resonance logging Application of nuclear magnetic resonance data Combinable magnetic resonance tool (Schlumberger Brand) Combinable magnetic resonance sonde Combinable magnetic resonance cartridge How does nuclear magnetic resonance work? Alignment Tipping Precession and dephasing Refocusing Irreversible dephasing: transverse relaxation time (T2) Realignment Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation mechanisms Nuclear magnetic resonance applications for reservoir characterization Lithology-independent porosity Shale delineation in radioactive sands and carbonate Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance fluid characterization Case study from real data from middle east carbonate reservoir using nuclear magnetic resonance Logging details Magnetic resonance fluid method Example of MREX Objectives Method and data processing Fluid identification and saturation Viscosity computation Results and conclusions Fluid identification Logging conditions and data quality T2 domain processing indicating the reservoir quality Saturation and viscosity analysis Estimating nuclear magnetic resonance-derived permeability in sandstones Linking nuclear magnetic resonance to permeability Method 1: Kozeny–Kenyon formula (SDR perm.) Method 2: Timur–Coates (Timur perm.) Low resistivity pay Wells with high relative angle Presence of fractures Presence of microporosity Presence of clay Laminated formation Presence of high concentration of capillary bound water High Sw produces dry gas How the nuclear magnetic resonance is affected by oil viscosities and TAR New approach for solving heavy oil effect on nuclear magnetic resonance permeability Integration of MDT and combinable magnetic resonance permeability Middle East Oolites—reservoir quality and tar zone Gas detection from nuclear magnetic resonance and DPHI (density porosity) Nuclear magnetic resonance support in geosteering In-flow control device design and nuclear magnetic resonance Further reading Chapter-6---Subsurface-velo_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Ga 6 Subsurface velocity measurement Understanding velocity data Check-shot data Application Vertical seismic profile field operation Check-shot and vertical seismic profile field operation: practical application Difference between check-shot and vertical seismic profile data . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 57 Technical solution provided by Adell Hakim QC Geophysicist and Borehole Seismic Expert Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist How to convert vertical seismic profile into a well log curve . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical Questions and Practical Solutions Question 58 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Question 59 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist How to QC vertical seismic profile data . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical Questions and Practical Solutions Question 60 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Planning Execution Processing . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Geophysicist Question 61 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Question 62 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Question 63 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist How to determine the static correction for vertical seismic profile data . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 64 Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Geophysicist Technical solution provided by Adell Hakim QC Geophysicist and Borehole Seismic Expert Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Vertical seismic profiles replacement velocity . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 65 Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Geophysicist Technical solution provided by Adell Hakim QC Geophysicist and Borehole Seismic Expert Walk-away vertical seismic profile field operation Chapter-7---Time-to-dept_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-R 7 Time-to-depth conversion Importance of time–depth conversion Velocity data used for depth conversion . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 66 Technical solution/answer The accurate seismic velocity for depth conversion . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solution Question 67 Technical solution/answer Techniques used for time–depth conversion Horizon keyed interval velocity Time or depth slices technique WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 68 Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martinez Seismic Data Processing/Imaging Experts Technical solution provided by Hesham Shalaby Sr. Geophysicist, Dragon Oil Question 69 Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell international E&P (Retired) Question 70 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Depth calibration technique Velocity modeling for depth conversion Input data sets used for velocity modeling How to QC velocity model for depth conversion . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 71 Technical solution/answer Question 72 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Question 73 Technical solution provided by Grant Hanson Senior Geophysics/Consultant-Seismic Data Processing at DISYS Question 74 Technical solution provided by Grant Hanson Senior Geophysics/Consultant-Seismic Data Processing at DISYS Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell (Reired) Question 75 Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution provided by Grant Hanson Senior Geophysics/Consultant-Seismic Data Processing at DISYS Question 76 Technical solution provided by Grant Hanson Senior Geophysics/Consultant-Seismic Data Processing at DISYS Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution/answer Question 77 Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Borehole Geophysicist Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Difference between check-shot and vertical seismic profile and depth–time model WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 78 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Technical Coach (Geosciences) at Petronas Carigali, Kuala References Further reading Chapter-8---Seismic-petrophysics-and-petrop_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integ 8 Seismic petrophysics and petrophysical well curves analysis for quantitative seismic interpretation Seismic Petrophysics: Introduction What is quantitative seismic interpretation? Petrophysical workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation studies WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 79 Technical solution/answer Density log WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and solutions Question 80 Technical solution/answer Sonic log Quantitative seismic interpretation petrophysical well curves editing Detailed QC and interpretative editing WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and solution Question 81 Technical solution/answer Invasion corrections and porosity calibration Bulk density and porosity Sonic log depth of investigation WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and solutions Question 82 Technical solution/answer References Further reading Chapter-9---Well-to-se_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Res 9 Well-to-seismic tie Objective of well-to-seismic tie Input data for well-seismic tie . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 83 Technical solution provided by Oleksandr Okprekyi Sr. Geologist at Burisma Technical solution/answer Question 84 Technical solution/answer Uncertainties in well-to-seismic tie . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 85 Technical solution/answer Time–depth relationship for well-tie . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 86 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Question 87 Technical solution provided by Grant Hanson Senior Geophysics/Consultant-Seismic Data Processing at DISYS Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martinez Seismic data processing/imaging expert Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell (Retired) Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Borehole Geophysicist Bulk shift and stretch issues when doing well-to-seismic tie . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 88 Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Borehole Geophysicist Technical solution/answer Stretch/squeeze to improve well synthetics to seismic match . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 89 Technical solutions provided by Jose Adauto de Souza Senior Geophysicist, Seismic Interpreter at Exploratory Vision Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical solution/answer Knee picking in sonic calibration . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 90 Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Question 91 Technical solution/answer Difference between time and phase shift in well ties . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 92 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy How to determine the wavelet used for synthetic trace Synthetic seismogram Reasons why we do synthetic seismograms . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 93 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Borehole Geophysicist Technical solution provided by Zaheer Ali Shah Senior Manager Exploration and Borehole Seismic Specialist Technical solution/answer Question 94 Technical solution/answer Depth–depth curve synthetic seismogram . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 95 Technical solutions provided by Jose Adauto de Souza Senior Geophysicist, Seismic Interpreter at Exploratory Vision Seismic attributes from synthetic seismic data . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 96 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy References Chapter-10---Gassmann-s-flu_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Ga 10 Gassmann’s fluid substitution Fluid substitution . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 97 Technical solution/answer Fluid substitution in unconventional (shale oil/gas) reservoirs WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 98 Technical solution provided by Michel Krief Consultant Petrophysicist—Acoustic Logs Specialist Gassmann’s assumptions Velocity dispersion WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 99 Technical solution provided by Michel Krief Consultant Petrophysicist—Acoustic Logs Specialist Question 100 Technical solution provided by Michel Krief Consultant Petrophysicist—Acoustic Logs Specialist Forward stratigraphy modeling . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 101 Technical solution provided by Michel Krief Consultant Petrophysicist—Acoustic Logs Specialist Question 102 Technical solution provided by Michel Krief Consultant Petrophysicist—Acoustic Logs Specialist Porosity concepts in fluid substitution References Further reading Chapter-11---Wavelet-extrac_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Ga 11 Wavelet extraction/derivation Wavelet extraction Wavelet extraction methods . Ricker Wavelet Technical questions and practical solutions Question 103 Technical solution/answer Question 104 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical solutions provided by Jose Adauto de Souza Senior Geophysicist, Seismic Interpreter at Exploratory Vision Technical solution/answer Question 105 Technical solution provided by Hammad Hassan Tariq Experience Lead (Sr.) Borehole Geophysicist Seismic phase analysis . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 106 Technical solution/answer Question 107 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical solution/answer Seismic polarity Zero-phase wavelet WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 108 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Minimum-phase wavelet How to determine the phase of seismic wavelet WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 109 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 110 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 111 Technical solution provided by Jaap Van der Toorn Learning Advisor Geophysics at Shell International E&P (Retired) Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martinez Sr. Seismic Data Processing/Imaging Expert Technical solution/answer How to predict the phase of a wavelet in thin reservoir bed . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 112 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Specialist Quantitative Geophysics/Editor CSEG Recorder Reference Chapter-12---Amplitude-variation-wit_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-O 12 Amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis and interpretation Understanding amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 113 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS Question 114 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Data calibrations for amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis and reservoir characterization Amplitude-variation-with-offset attributes . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 115 Technical solution provided by Mohamed Oaubel Sr. Geoscientists, PETRONAS How to compute intercept and gradient from seismic gather How to interpret the amplitude-variation-with-offset gradient WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 116 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Factors that affect amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis Amplitude-variation-with-offset offset scaling Reflection characteristics of sand and shale . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 117 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Amplitude-variation-with-offset classification Class 1 amplitude-variation-with-offset response WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions (Class 1 Sand) Question 118 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 119 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Technical solution provided by Alfredo Sánchez González Ingeniero Geologo Especialista & Consulting Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 120 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Class 2 amplitude-variation-with-offset response Class 2P amplitude-variation-with-offset response Effect of multiple in amplitude-variation-with-offset modeling . WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions (class 2 sands) Question 121 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Class 3 amplitude-variation-with-offset response WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions (class 3 sands) Question 122 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 123 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Question 124 Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Class 4 amplitude-variation-with-offset response WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions (class 4 sands) Question 125 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy Amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis in carbonate reservoir Fluid effects in carbonate rock WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solution on amplitude-variation-with-offset in oil sand Question 126 Technical solution provided by Rajeshwaran Dandapani Director Geophysics at Telesto Energy References Further reading Chapter-13---Seismic-inversion-fo_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil- 13 Seismic inversion for reservoir characterization Factors that contribute to good inversion Benefits of seismic inversion Data sets needed for seismic inversion WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and solutions Question 127 Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Seismic inversion techniques Forward modeling Relative acoustic impedance Colored inversion Deterministic inversion/generalized linear inversion Benefits of deterministic inversion Areas where deterministic inversion will work better Geostatistical seismic/stochastic inversion The two main aspects of geostatistical inversion Comparison between geostatistical and deterministic seismic inversion techniques WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 128 Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Question 129 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Low-frequency model use for seismic inversion How to determine the low-frequency model WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 130 Technical solution/answer Question 131 Technical solution provided Alexey Sokolov Reservoir Engineering Manager atCGG-Vostok Technical solution provided by Matthijs van der Molen GeosSigns Senior Geophysicist at Shell International E&P Poststack inversion Simultaneous elastic inversion Prestack data How to estimate S-impedance from P-wave data WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 132 Technical solution/answer Question 133 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Question 134 Technical solution provided By Hesham Shalaby Sr. Geophysicist, Dragon Oil Extended elastic inversion WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 135 Technical solution/answer Performing seismic inversion on high-resolution 2D seismic data WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 136 Technical solution provided by Brian Schulte Geophysical Advisor at Schiefer Reservoir Consulting and Chief Editor CSEG Recorder Technical solution/answer Difference between AVO analysis and seismic inversion Advantages of colored inversion over trace integration method References Further reading Chapter-14---Pore-pressure-and_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and 14 Pore pressure and wellbore instability Pore pressure prediction How to estimate pore pressure prior to drilling WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions on causes of geopressure Question 137 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Question 138 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Technical solution/answer Technical questions and practical solutions on PP at Exploration Stage Question 139 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Reservoir Geomechanics/Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Importance of pore pressure prediction in early stages of exploration WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 140 Technical solution/answer Question 141 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Relationship between shale anisotropy and pore pressure WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 142 Technical solution/Answer Pore pressure prediction using seismic data and well data WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 143 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Technical solution provided by José Adauto DE Souza Senior Geophysicist Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Technical questions and practical solutions Question 144 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Pressure gradient and fracture gradient WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Compaction trend Question 145 Technical solution/answer Technical solution provided by José Adauto DE Souza Senior Geophysicist Question 146 Technical solution/answer Technical solution/answer Question 147 Technical solution/answer Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Question 148 Technical solution/answer Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Methods of pore pressure prediction WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Pore pressure prediction from resistivity Question 149 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Impedance-based pore pressure prediction WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 150 Technical solution provided by Gerardo Clemente Martínez Seismic Data Processing/Imaging Expert at PEMEX Pore pressure prediction using Eaton’s method WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 151 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 152 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 153 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Pore pressure prediction using Bowers’ method WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical questions and practical solutions Question 154 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Question 155 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Question 156 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 157 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 158 Technical solution/answer Question 159 Technical solution provided by VahidAtashbari Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks Pore pressure prediction in carbonate reservoir WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 160 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 161 Technical solution provided by Morteza Azadpour Petroleum Engineer at National Iranian Oil Company Pore pressure prediction in an unconventional reservoir WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Postdrill pore pressure prediction WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 162 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer How to validate your pore pressure result WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Question 163 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Wellbore instability WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 164 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer Question 165 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer RT pore pressure analysis WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY WARNING!!! DUMMY ENTRY Technical question and practical solutions Question 166 Technical solution provided by Marcel F. Castro Senior Geomechanics Engineer References Further reading Chapter-15---4D--3D-time-lapse--f_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil- 15 4D (3D time lapse) for reservoir characterization What does a 4D achieve in reservoir characterization? Use of 4D reservoir monitoring Understanding 4D seismic response and interpretation Types of 4D changes to a reservoir Changes in reservoir thickness 4D effects due to pressure changes in a reservoir Kinds of time-lapse reservoir measurements Seismic measurements Direct well measurements Environmental measurements Production measurements Areas where 4D seismic monitoring is applicable Reference Further reading Advice-from-the-industry--career-guide-to_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integra Advice from the industry: career guide to geosciences students and how to prepare for interview Understanding what it is to work in an integrated geoscience team Question A Advice to geoscience students Question B Advice to geoscience students Question C Advice to geoscience students Index_2021_Applied-Techniques-to-Integrated-Oil-and-Gas-Reservoir-Characteri Index Backcover