Online–Dating für Dummies (Für Dummies)

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Online-Dating boomt. Die wenigsten Singles lernen sich heutzutage noch in einer Bar kennen. Allein in Deutschland sind jeden Monat weit über 12 Millionen Singles online auf Partnersuche. Wo und wie findet man da aber, was man wirklich sucht? Und wie sticht man aus der Masse der Singles hervor? Wo finde ich den richtigen Partner für mein Alter, meinen Typ und meine Interessen und Absichten - ob langfristige Beziehung, Flirt oder doch nur Sex? Und wie kann ich sicher daten? Die beiden Dating-Experten Chris Pleines und Andia Bothe führen Sie umfassend durch die digitale Dating-Welt von heute (und morgen). Contributors Preface Foreword Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to photoplethysmography 1.1 Principle of photoplethysmography 1.2 History of photoplethysmography 1.3 Chapter overview References Chapter 2: The origin of photoplethysmography 2.1 Introduction 2.2 PPG basic working principle 2.3 Theoretical background 2.3.1 The generic Beer–Lambert law 2.3.2 The modified Beer–Lambert law 2.3.3 TheBeer–Lambertlawwithmultipleabsorbers 2.3.4 The Beer–Lambert law in PPG 2.3.5 The Beer–Lambert law in pulseoximetry 2.4 The origin of the photoplethysmogram 2.4.1 Different hypotheses relating to the origin of PPG signal 2.4.2 Light–tissue interactions in photoplethysmography 2.4.3 Optical path and penetration depth analysis 2.4.4 Optical absorbance analysis 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Photoplethysmography technology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Single Wavelength Instrumentation 3.2.1 Optical components 3.2.2 Emitter driver 3.2.3 Transimpedance amplifier 3.2.4 Signal conditioning 3.2.5 Analog-to-digital conversion 3.3 Multiwavelength instrumentation 3.3.1 Multi-wavelengthemitterdrivers 3.3.2 TIA 3.3.3 Sample-and-holdamplifier 3.4 Future Trends References Chapter 4: Photoplethysmography signal processing and synthesis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Photoplethysmogram Signal 4.2.1 Physiological origins 4.2.2 Presentation of the photoplethysmogram signal 4.2.3 Signal acquisition 4.3 Photoplethysmogram Signal Processing 4.3.1 Preprocessing 4.3.2 Time domain analysis 4.3.3 Frequency domain analysis 4.3.4 Machine learning 4.3.5 Nonlinear analysis in phase space 4.3.6 Estimating physiological parameters 4.4 Photoplethysmogram Signal Synthesis 4.4.1 Simulating photoplethysmogram pulse waves 4.4.2 Simulating photoplethysmogram signals 4.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 5: Photoplethysmography in oxygenation and blood volume measurements 5.1 Introduction 5.2 PPG in pulseoximetry 5.2.1 Oxygen saturation 5.2.2 The optical properties of hemoglobin 5.2.3 History of pulseoximetry 5.2.4 Principles of conventional pulseoximetry 5.2.5 Pulseoximetry technology 5.2.6 Measurement sites 5.2.7 Applications of pulseoximetry 5.2.8 Limitations of pulseoximetry 5.2.9 Future of pulseoximetry 5.3 PPG for assessing tissue blood volume and perfusion 5.3.1 Blood volume assessment with PPG 5.3.2 The perfusion index 5.3.3 PPG in tissue oxygenation alongside perfusion and blood volume measurements 5.4 Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 6: Photoplethysmography for the assessment of peripheral vascular disease 6.1 Introduction 6.2 PPG assessment of the peripheral arteries 6.2.1 PPG technology and measurement considerations 6.2.2 PPG detection of occlusive peripheral arterial disease 6.3 PPG for microcirculation assessment 6.3.1 Microvascular blood flow and tissue viability 6.3.2 Vasospastic conditions(Raynaud’s phenomenon) 6.4 PPG for venous assessment 6.5 Conclusions References Chapter 7: Photoplethysmographic assessment of arterial stiffness and endothelial function 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Arterial stiffness 7.2.1 Structure and stiffness of elastic arteries 7.2.2 Clinical significance of arterial stiffness 7.2.3 Arterial stiffness measurement using photoplethysmography 7.3 Endothelial function 7.3.1 Anatomy and function of the endothelium 7.3.2 Endothelial dysfunction and its clinical importance 7.3.3 Measurement of endothelial function by flow-mediated vasodilatation 7.3.4 Signal processing of PPG-based FMD 7.3.5 Representative studies of EF assessment using PPG 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Low-frequency variability in photoplethysmography and autonomic function assessment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Vasomotor waves and PPG variability 8.2.1 Low frequency changes in PPG pulse features and quantification 8.2.2 Changes in PPG with controlled respiratory challenges 8.2.3 Changes in PPG pulses with controlled body tilt maneuver 8.3 Monitoring of blood pressure variability, pulseratevariability, and heart-rate-variability 8.3.1 Blood pressure variability and tracking 8.3.2 Pulse rate variability assessment 8.4 Wider application areas for PPG in autonomic-related assessments 8.4.1 Sleep studies 8.4.2 Pregnancy monitoring 8.4.3 Pain assessment 8.4.4 Mental health and wellbeing 8.4.5 Other neurophysiological assessments using PPG 8.4.6 PPG applications in unique and challenging situations 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Physical and physiological interpretations of the PPG signal 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Plethysmography 9.3 Interpretation of the photoplethysmographic signal 9.3.1 Light absorption increase due to blood volume increase during systole 9.3.2 PPG in a rigid envelope and systolic flow increase model 9.3.3 Linearity of the PPG signal with blood volume increase 9.3.4 Cardiac-induced blood volume pulses in veins 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10: PPG in clinical monitoring 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Clinical monitoring uses 10.2.1 Blood oxygen saturation 10.2.2 Cardiac arrhythmia,heart-rate-variability, and pulse transit time measurement 10.2.3 Respiratory rate 10.2.4 Blood pressure 10.2.5 Cardiac output 10.3 PPG waveform morphology assessments 10.3.1 Time domain analysis (pulse amplitude and other parameters) 10.3.2 Dicrotic notch and PPG augmentation index 10.3.3 Local arterial compliance 10.3.4 PPG and functional hemodynamics 10.4 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Photoplethysmography in noninvasive blood pressure monitoring 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Clinical BP measurement methods 11.3 Photoplethysmography 11.4 Volume clamping via finger cuff-PPG devices 11.5 Oscillometry via PPG-force sensor units 11.6 Pulse transit time detected via PPG waveform(s) 11.7 PPG waveform feature extraction 11.8 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 12: Wearable photoplethysmography devices 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Overview 12.1.2 Recommended reading 12.2 Hardware configurations for wearable photoplethysmography devices 12.2.1 Measurement site 12.2.2 Sensor design 12.2.3 Additional signals 12.3 Physiological parameters 12.3.1 Heart rate 12.3.2 Identifying an irregular pulse 12.3.3 Arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2) 12.3.4 Respiratory rate 12.3.5 Blood pressure 12.3.6 Sleep assessment 12.3.7 Energy expenditure 12.3.8 Maximal oxygen consumption 12.3.9 Pulse rate variability 12.3.10 Arterial stiffness 12.4 Commercially available devices 12.4.1 Form factors 12.4.2 Functionality 12.4.3 Marketing models 12.4.4 Batteries 12.5 Applications 12.5.1 Menstrual cycle monitoring 12.5.2 Identifying orthostatic hypotension 12.5.3 Seizure detection in epilepsy 12.5.4 Anesthesia and pain monitoring 12.5.5 Chronic kidney disease monitoring 12.5.6 Biometric authentication 12.5.7 Health insurance 12.6 Conclusion and future work 12.6.1 Areas for future work Acknowledgements References Chapter 13: Imaging photoplethysmography and its applications 13.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of imaging photoplethysmography 13.2 Heart rate and heart-rate-variability monitoring 13.3 Evaluation of neurogenic reactivity and fractional blood flow of the musculocutaneous vessels 13.4 Objective early diagnosis of Raynaud’s phenomenon assessing vascular response to coldex posure by IPPG 13.5 IPPG to assess endothelial function during heat exposure 13.6 Revealing microcirculation parameters in scleroderma skin lesions 13.7 Assessment of vascular reactivity in response to topical capsaicin application and other pharmacological impact 13.8 Intraoperative monitoring of cortical blood flow parameters 13.9 Identification of functioning skin capillaries 13.10 Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter 14: Photoplethysmography: New trends and future directions 14.1 Photoplethysmography in biometrics 14.1.1 Introduction 14.1.2 Methodsof PPG biometrics 14.1.3 Summary 14.2 Photoplethysmography phantoms and simulators 14.2.1 Introduction 14.2.2 PPG phantoms 14.2.3 PPG simulators 14.2.4 Summary 14.3 Future directions References Index