Biochemistry

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Rev. ed. of: Biochemistry / Pamela C. Champe, Richard A. Harvey, Denise R. Ferrier. 4th ed. c2008. Cover Page Title Page Copyright Contributing Authors (Chapter 26) Dedication Contents UNIT I: Protein Structure and Function CHAPTER 1: Amino Acids I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE OF THE AMINO ACIDS III. ACIDIC AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS IV. CONCEPT MAPS V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 2: Structure of Proteins I. OVERVIEW II. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS III. SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS IV. TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS V. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS VI. PROTEIN MISFOLDING VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 3: Globular Proteins I. OVERVIEW II. GLOBULAR HEMEPROTEINS III. ORGANIZATION OF THE GLOBIN GENES IV. HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 4: Fibrous Proteins I. OVERVIEW II. COLLAGEN III. ELASTIN IV. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 5: Enzymes I. OVERVIEW II. NOMENCLATURE III. PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES IV. HOW ENZYMES WORK V. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION VELOCITY VI. MICHAELIS-MENTEN EQUATION VII. INHIBITION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY VIII. REGULATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY IX. ENZYMES IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS X. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions UNIT II: Intermediary Metabolism CHAPTER 6: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Phosphorylation I. OVERVIEW II. FREE ENERGY III. FREE ENERGY CHANGE IV. ATP AS AN ENERGY CARRIER V. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN VI. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 7: Introduction to Carbohydrates I. OVERVIEW II. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF CARBOHYDRATES III. DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES IV. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Question CHAPTER 8: Glycolysis I. INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM II. REGULATION OF METABOLISM III. OVERVIEW OF GLYCOLYSIS IV. TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS V. REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS VI. HORMONAL REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS VII. ALTERNATE FATES OF PYRUVATE VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 9: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle I. OVERVIEW II. REACTIONS OF THE TCA CYCLE III. ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE TCA CYCLE IV. REGULATION OF THE TCA CYCLE V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 10: Gluconeogenesis I. OVERVIEW II. SUBSTRATES FOR GLUCONEOGENESIS III. REACTIONS UNIQUE TO GLUCONEOGENESIS IV. REGULATION OF GLUCONEOGENESIS V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 11: Glycogen Metabolism I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF GLYCOGEN III. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN (GLYCOGENESIS) IV. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN (GLYCOGENOLYSIS) V. REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION VI. GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 12: Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides I. OVERVIEW II. FRUCTOSE METABOLISM III. GALACTOSE METABOLISM IV. LACTOSE SYNTHESIS V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 13: Pentose Phosphate Pathway and NADPH I. OVERVIEW II. IRREVERSIBLE OXIDATIVE REACTIONS III. REVERSIBLE NONOXIDATIVE REACTIONS IV. USES OF NADPH V. GLUCOSE 6-P DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY VI. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 14: Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins I. OVERVIEW OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS II. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS III. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IV. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS V. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES VI. OVERVIEW OF GLYCOPROTEINS VII. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOPROTEIN OLIGOSACCHARIDES VIII. SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS IX. LYSOSOMAL DEGRADATION OF GLYCOPROTEINS X. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions UNIT III: Lipid Metabolism CHAPTER 15: Metabolism of Dietary Lipids I. OVERVIEW II. DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION, AND UTILIZATION OF DIETARY LIPIDS III. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 16: Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDS III. DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IV. MOBILIZATION OF STORED FATS AND OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS V. KETONE BODIES: AN ALTERNATE FUEL FOR CELLS VI. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 17: Complex Lipid Metabolism I. OVERVIEW OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS II. STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS III. PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS IV. DEGRADATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS V. OVERVIEW OF GLYCOLIPIDS VI. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS VII. SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS VIII. PROSTAGLANDINS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IX. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 18: Cholesterol and Steroid Metabolism I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE OF CHOLESTEROL III. SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL IV. DEGRADATION OF CHOLESTEROL V. BILE ACIDS AND BILE SALTS VI. PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS VII. STEROID HORMONES VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions UNIT IV: Nitrogen Metabolism CHAPTER 19: Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen I. OVERVIEW II. OVERALL NITROGEN METABOLISM III. DIGESTION OF DIETARY PROTEINS IV. TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS V. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN FROM AMINO ACIDS VI. UREA CYCLE VII. METABOLISM OF AMMONIA VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions: CHAPTER 20: Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis I. OVERVIEW II. GLUCOGENIC AND KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS III. CATABOLISM OF THE CARBON SKELETONS OF AMINO ACIDS IV. ROLE OF FOLIC ACID IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM V. BIOSYNTHESIS OF NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS VI. METABOLIC DEFECTS IN AMINO ACID METABOLISM VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions: CHAPTER 21: Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products I. OVERVIEW II. PORPHYRIN METABOLISM III. OTHER NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IV. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 22: Nucleotide Metabolism I. OVERVIEW II. NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE III. SYNTHESIS OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES IV. SYNTHESIS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES V. DEGRADATION OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES VI. PYRIMIDINE SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions UNIT V: Integration of Metabolism CHAPTER 23: Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon I. OVERVIEW II. INSULIN III. GLUCAGON IV. HYPOGLYCEMIA V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 24: The Feed/Fast Cycle I. OVERVIEW OF THE ABSORPTIVE STATE II. ENZYMIC CHANGES IN THE ABSORPTIVE STATE III. LIVER: NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION CENTER IV. ADIPOSE TISSUE: ENERGY STORAGE DEPOT V. RESTING SKELETAL MUSCLE VI. BRAIN VII. OVERVIEW OF FASTING VIII. LIVER IN FASTING IX. ADIPOSE TISSUE IN FASTING X. RESTING SKELETAL MUSCLE IN FASTING XI. BRAIN IN FASTING XII. KIDNEY IN LONG-TERM FASTING XIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 25: Diabetes Mellitus I. OVERVIEW OF DIABETES MELLITUS II. TYPE 1 DIABETES III. TYPE 2 DIABETES IV. CHRONIC EFFECTS AND PREVENTION OF DIABETES V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 26: Obesity I. OVERVIEW II. ASSESSMENT OF OBESITY III. BODY WEIGHT REGULATION IV. MOLECULES THAT INFLUENCE OBESITY V. METABOLIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN OBESITY VI. OBESITY AND HEALTH VII. WEIGHT REDUCTION VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Question CHAPTER 27: Nutrition I. OVERVIEW II. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES III. ENERGY REQUIREMENT IN HUMANS IV. ACCEPTABLE MACRONUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION RANGES V. DIETARY FATS VI. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES VII. DIETARY PROTEIN VIII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 28: Vitamins I. OVERVIEW II. FOLIC ACID III. COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) IV. ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C) V. PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6) VI. THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1) VII. NIACIN VIII. RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2) IX. BIOTIN X. PANTOTHENIC ACID XI. VITAMIN A XII. VITAMIN D XIII. VITAMIN K XIV. VITAMIN E Study Questions UNIT VI: Storage and Expression of Genetic Information CHAPTER 29: DNA Structure, Replication and Repair I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE OF DNA III. STEPS IN PROKARYOTIC DNA SYNTHESIS IV. EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION V. ORGANIZATION OF EUKARYOTIC DNA VI. DNA REPAIR VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 30: RNA Structure, Synthesis and Processing I. OVERVIEW II. STRUCTURE OF RNA III. TRANSCRIPTION OF PROKARYOTIC GENES IV. TRANSCRIPTION OF EUKARYOTIC GENES V. POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION OF RNA VI. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 31: Protein Synthesis I. OVERVIEW II. THE GENETIC CODE III. COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION IV. CODON RECOGNITION BY tRNA V. STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS VI. CO- AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS VII. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 32: Regulation of Gene Expression I. OVERVIEW II. REGULATORY SEQUENCES AND MOLECULES III. REGULATION OF PROKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION IV. REGULATION OF EUKARYOTIC GENE EXPRESSION V. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions CHAPTER 33: Biotechnology and Human Disease I. OVERVIEW II. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES III. DNA CLONING IV. PROBES V. SOUTHERN BLOTTING VI. RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM VII. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION VIII. ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IX. GENE THERAPY X. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS XI. CHAPTER SUMMARY Study Questions Index The Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews Series the Point Back-Cover