3D Printing for the Radiologist

Description

Comprehensive, yet concise, 3D Printing for the Radiologist presents an overview of three-dimensional printing at the point of care.  Focusing on opportunities and challenges in radiology practice, this up-to-date reference covers computer-aided design principles, quality assurance, training, and guidance for integrating 3D printing across radiology subspecialties. Practicing and trainee radiologists, surgeons, researchers, and imaging specialists will find this an indispensable resource for furthering their understanding of the current state and future outlooks for 3D printing in clinical medicine. Covers a wide range of topics, including basic principles of 3D printing, quality assurance, regulatory perspectives, and practical implementation in medical training and practice.   Addresses the challenges associated with 3D printing integration in clinical settings, such as reimbursement, regulatory issues, and training.   Features concise chapters from a team of multidisciplinary chapter authors, including practicing radiologists, researchers, and engineers.   Consolidates today’s available information on this timely topic into a single, convenient, resource.  3D Printing for the Radiologist Copyright List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments 1. An Abbreviated History of Medical 3D Printing Introduction 1980s—3D Printing Pioneering Work and Earliest 3D Printing in Medicine 1990s—3D Printed Anatomic Models and Personalized Implants 2000s—Digital Design, Additive Metals, and Foundations for Future Virtual Work 2010s—Virtual Surgery and Templates, Hospital-Based 3D Printing, the FDA, Reimbursement References 2. Medical Imaging Technologies and Imaging Considerations for 3D Printed Anatomic Models Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Current MRI Systems Ultrasound Imaging Considerations for 3D Printed Anatomic Models Volumetric Data Spatial Resolution and Slice Thickness Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Image Artifacts Image Storage Discussion References 3. Image Segmentation and Nonuniformity Correction Methods Introduction Region-Based Segmentation Boundary-Based Segmentation Atlas-Based Segmentation Classification-Based Segmentation Nonuniformity Correction for Accurate MRI Segmentation Prospective Approaches Retrospective Approaches N3/N4 Algorithm BiCal Algorithm Segmentation Software After Segmentation References 4. Computer-Aided Design Principles for Anatomic Modeling Introduction CAD Principles Design Operations Anatomic Models Anatomic Guides and Molds Model Analysis and Simulation Through CAD Finite Element Analysis Computational Fluid Dynamics Integrating 3D Printing with Simulation Models Conclusions References 5. 3D Printing Principles and Technologies Introduction Vat Photopolymerization Materials Medical Applications Material Extrusion Materials Medical Applications Material Jetting Materials Medical Applications Binder Jetting Materials Medical Applications Powder Bed Fusion Materials Polymer Printing (SLS and Multi Jet Fusion) Metal Printing (DMLS, SLM, EBM, DMLM) Medical Applications Discussion Conclusions References 6. 3D Printed Anatomic Models and Guides Introduction Anatomic Models Simple Anatomic Models Case 1 Case 2 Complex Anatomic Models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Anatomic Models for Simulation and Rehearsal Case 1 Case 2 Anatomic Guides Outline placeholder Case 1 Case 2 3D Printed Patient-Specific Implant Considerations Discussion Clinical Appropriateness Future Insight References 7. Quality Assurance of 3D Printed Anatomic Models QA in Radiology QA of 3D Printed Parts in Medicine Bridging the Gap Between Radiology and Manufacturing QA and Optimization of Image Acquisition and Segmentation for Anatomic Models Model Design and Preparation for Printing 3D Printing Hardware Cleaning and Post-processing Sterilization of 3D Printed Anatomic Models Verification of the 3D Printed Model Caliper Measurements Surface Scanning and CT Scanning Conclusion References 8. Documentation and Reimbursement for 3D Printed Anatomic Models and Guides Introduction Documentation Medical record Data storage organization Dictation Reimbursement Current procedural terminology codes Establishment of CPT codes for 3D printed anatomic models and guides Future application for Category I CPT code RSNA-ACR 3D printing registry Registry design and implementation Registry scope: anatomic models and anatomic guides Data dictionary Registry participation Registry data for institutional quality improvement and to support reimbursement Conclusions References 9. Regulatory Perspectives for 3D Printing in Hospitals Introduction Medical Device Classification Medical Device Regulations 3D Printed Guides Patient-Matched versus Custom Devices Example of patient-matched device: cranioplasty Example of custom device: femoral component of failed total knee replacement 3D Printing in Hospitals FDA Conceptual Framework for 3D Printing in Hospitals References 10. 3D Printing in Radiology Education Introduction Historical Perspective on 3D Modeling for Medical Education 3D Printing in Anatomy Education 3D Printed Models as a Tool in Clinical Radiology Training Normal and Complex Anatomical Relationships Abnormal Pathologies Realistic Phantoms for Hardware and Software Evaluation 3D Printed Models for Radiological Procedural Planning Procedure Planning and Simulation for Interventional Radiology Training and Radiological Procedures Introducing Training in 3D Printing to Resident Education Learning the Process of Obtaining 3D Models and 3D Lab Workflow Clinical Infrastructure Developing a Research Infrastructure Sample Curriculum for a Hands-On Resident Minicourse in 3D Printing and Visualization Introduction to 3D Printing Applications of Medical 3D Printing Radiology Workflow for 3D Printing Image Segmentation 3D Printing and Quality Control Documentation and Reimbursement Demonstration of Competency in 3D Printing Conclusions References 11. 3D Printing in Interventional Radiology Introduction 3D Printing Workflow Clinical Use Cases of 3D Printing in IR Vascular and Nonvascular General Interventional Procedures Neurointerventional Procedures 3D Printing for IR Training 3D Printing for Patient Education The Future of 3D Printing in IR References 12. 3D Printing in Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Therapy Introduction Nuclear Medicine 3D Printing Techniques to Optimize Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Example 1: [11C] Fatty Acid ASU Example 2: [18F] Dual Heater ASU Example 3: [68Ga] Multidrug ASU Example 4: [68Ga] Millifluidic ASU Radiation Therapy 3D Printing for Radiation Therapy 3D Printed Bolus 3D Printed Tissue Compensators 3D Printed Immobilization Devices 3D Printing for Brachytherapy Surface Treatments 3D Printing of Anthropomorphic Phantoms Conclusion References 13. 3D Printing in Forensic Radiology Introduction Historical Overview Forensic Radiologic Imaging 3D Anatomical Modeling in Forensic Radiology Forensic 3D Printing Use Case Scenarios Blunt Trauma Penetrating Trauma Gunshot Wounds Rifle Bolt Blunt Force Polytrauma Nonaccidental (Penetrating and Blunt) Trauma Homicide Future Directions and Challenges References 14. 3D Printed Imaging Phantoms Introduction Material Properties Pertinent to Major Medical Imaging Modalities Imaging Phantoms with Conventional Materials in 3D Printed Containers Imaging Phantoms with Conventional Materials Formed in 3D Printed Molds 3D Printing for Vascular Flow Phantoms Mimicking Tissue with 3D Printed Materials Summary References 15. Considerations for Starting a 3D Printing Lab in the Department of Radiology Introduction Financial Plan Training Software Considerations 3D Printing Operational Considerations Space Planning Environmental Auxiliary Equipment 3D Printing Materials Health and Safety Maintenance Quality Assurance Conclusions References 16. The Future of Medical 3D Printing in Radiology Introduction Emerging Medical 3D Printing Technologies The Case for In-Hospital 3D Printing A Word on Sterilization and Quality Manufacturing at the Hospital The Next 5Years 5–10Years Into the Future 10–20Years Into the Future 20–30Years Into the Future Radiology of the Future THE RADIOLOGIST OF THE FUTURE References