Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint

Description

This classic text once again provides a compelling topically-organized introduction to child development. Parke et al incorporate multiple perspectives in exploring the processes of child development. With recurring pedagogical features to ensure students see the interrelatedness of chapters and concepts and the chronological development of children, the authors have also taken care to further their student-friendly presentation by shortening the text in this edition. This has been accomplished without cutting the book's highly-regarded child psychopathology chapter. Title Contents 1. Child Development: Themes, Theories, and Methods THEMES OF DEVELOPMENT Origins of Behavior: Biological Versus Environmental Infl uences Pattern of Developmental Change: Continuity Versus Discontinuity Forces That Affect Developmental Change: Individual Characteristics Versus Contextual Infl uences THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT Structural-Organismic Perspectives Learning Perspectives Dynamic Systems Perspectives Contextual Perspectives Box 1-1 Risk and Resilience: Children of the Great Depression Ethological and Evolutionary Approaches MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-1 THEMES AND THEORIES: A FINAL COMMENT RESEARCH METHODS IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY Selecting a Sample Methods of Gathering Data About Children Research Design: Establishing Patterns and Causes Box 1-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Can We Make Better Use of Research on Children and Television and Internet Use? Studying Change Over Time THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 1-2 SUMMARY 2. Heredity and the Environment THE PROCESS OF GENETIC TRANSMISSION Chromosomes and Genes Genes, DNA, and Proteins GENETIC INFLUENCES ON DEVELOPMENT The Transmission of Traits: A Basic Model Genes on the Sex Chromosomes: Exceptions to the Rule Interactions Among Genes Genetic Disorders Box 2-1 Risk and Resilience: Sickle-Cell Anemia: A Double-Edged Sword GENETIC COUNSELING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Box 2-2 Child Psychology in Action: The New Reproductive Technologies Gene Therapy HEREDITY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Box 2-3 Child Psychology in Action: The Human Genome Project How the Environment Infl uences the Expression of Genes How Genetic Makeup Helps to Shape Environment HEREDITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Methods of Studying Individual Differences Some Individual Differences and Their Contributors MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 2 SUMMARY 3. Prenatal Development and Birth STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT The Zygote The Embryo The Fetus RISKS IN THE PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT Environmental Dangers TURNING POINTS: An Overview of Prenatal Development Maternal Factors Box 3-1 Child Psychology in Action: Prenatal Health Care and Infant Mortality BIRTH AND THE BEGINNINGS OF LIFE Labor and Delivery Prematurity and Low Birthweight Box 3-2 Child Psychology in Action: Of Babies and Bears and Postnatal Care Box 3-3 Risk and Resilience: What Factors Help Children Overcome Early Adversity? VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN AT RISK Making the Connections 3 SUMMARY 4. Infancy: Sensation, Perception, and Learning THE NEWBORN A New Baby’s Refl exes Infant States Box 4-1 Child Psychology in Action: Preventing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) How to Soothe an Infant Evaluating the Newborn’s Health and Capabilities THE INFANT’S SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL CAPACITIES Unlocking the Secrets of Babies’ Sensory Capabilities TURNING POINTS: The Development of Sensation, Perception, and Early Learning Hearing: Babies Are Good Listeners Box 4-2 Child Psychology in Action: Can Infants Learn Even before They’re Born? Vision: How Babies See Their Worlds Smell, Taste, and Touch Intermodal Perception: How Infants Coordinate Sensory Information EARLY LEARNING AND MEMORY Classical and Operant Conditioning Learning Through Imitation Memory in Babies Making the Connections 4 SUMMARY 5. The Child’s Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Neurons and Synapses TURNING POINTS: Growth of the Child’s Brain, Body, and Motor Skills Sequential Development of the Brain Hemispheric Specialization The Brain’s Plasticity: Experience and Brain Development MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Hand Skills Locomotion How Locomotion Affects Other Aspects of Development The Role of Experience and Culture Box 5-1 Risk and Resilience: Blind Infants Struggle to “See” PHYSICAL GROWTH Do Genes Affect Height and Weight? The Infl uence of Environmental Factors People Are Growing Taller Are We Growing Heavier? Obesity and Eating Disorders Box 5-2 Child Psychology in Action: Learning Not to “Clean Your Plate” SEXUAL MATURATION The Onset of Sexual Maturity What Determines the Timing of Puberty? The Effects of Early and Late Maturation MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 5 SUMMARY 6. Emotional Development and Attachment EARLY EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Why Are Emotions Important? Primary and Secondary Emotions Perspectives on Emotional Development The Development of Emotional Expressions DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY EMOTIONS Positive Primary Emotions: Smiling and Laughter TURNING POINTS: The Evolution of Emotional Expression and the Sense of Self Negative Primary Emotions: Fear, Anger, and Sadness DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EMOTIONS Box 6-1 Child Psychology in Action: Coping with Homesickness INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTIONS RECOGNIZING EMOTIONS IN OTHERS EMOTIONAL REGULATION AND EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES HOW CHILDREN THINK ABOUT EMOTIONS Matching Emotions to Situations: Emotional Scripts Multiple Emotions, Multiple Causes THE FAMILY’S ROLE IN EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTACHMENT Theories of Attachment How Attachment Evolves Attachment to Fathers Other Objects of Attachment THE NATURE AND QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT Methods of Assessing Attachment Relationships Box 6-2 Risk and Resilience: Peers as Attachment Figures The Parents’ Role in the Quality of Attachment Box 6-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Attachment Types in Different Cultures The Effect of Infant Temperament Stability in the Quality of Attachment The Consequences of Attachment Quality MULTIPLE CAREGIVERS AND ATTACHMENT: THE EFFECTS OF CHILD CARE MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 6 SUMMARY 7. Language and Communication THE COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE: PHONOLOGY, SEMANTICS, GRAMMAR, AND PRAGMATICS THEORIES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT The Learning View: Claims and Limitations The Nativist View: Claims and Limitations Box 7-1 Child Psychology in Action: Can Children Create New Languages? The Interactionist View FACILITATING CHILDREN’S LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THE ANTECEDENTS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Preverbal Communication Early Language Comprehension Babbling and Other Early Sounds SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT: THE POWER OF WORDS How Children Acquire Words Box 7-2 Risk and Resilience: Children at Risk for Failure to Develop Language What Kinds of Words Do Children Learn First? Errors in Early Word Use THE ACQUISITION OF GRAMMAR: FROM WORDS TO SENTENCES TURNING POINTS: Language Milestones from Infancy to Middle Childhood Can One Word Express a Complete Thought? Two-Word Sentences Learning the Rules Box 7-3 Child Psychology in Action: Language Learning in the Deaf Approaching Formal Grammar How Children Make Sense of What They Hear LEARNING THE SOCIAL USES OF LANGUAGE The Rules of Pragmatics Learning to Adjust Speech to Audience Learning to Listen Critically METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS: KNOWING ABOUT LANGUAGE BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 7 SUMMARY 8. Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT PIAGET’S MAIN TENET: THE CHILD ACTIVELY SEEKS KNOWLEDGE Cognitive Organization Cognitive Adaptation TURNING POINTS: The Child’s Cognitive Development from Infancy through Late Childhood THE STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT The Sensorimotor Stage The Preoperational Stage The Stage of Concrete Operations The Stage of Formal Operations PIAGETIAN CONCEPTS AND SOCIAL COGNITION The Self as Distinct From Others Role Taking: Understanding Others’ Perspectives Theory of Mind Do Sociocultural Experiences Infl uence the Development of Social Cognition? EVALUATION OF PIAGET’S THEORY Strengths of the Theory Limitations of the Theory Overall Assessment VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Elementary and Higher Mental Functions The Zone of Proximal Development The Role of Culture Box 8-1 Child Psychology in Action: Who Is Better at Helping Children Develop Effi cient Plans: Adult or Peer Partners? Box 8-2 Risk and Resilience: Street Math and School Math in Brazil The Role of Language EVALUATION OF VYGOTSKY’S THEORY Strengths of the Theory Does Vygotsky’s Theory Describe Developmental Change? MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 8 Overall Assessment SUMMARY 9. Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY Basic Assumptions of the Information-Processing Approach Information-Processing Models Cognitive Processes: What Are They? How Do They Contribute to Development? The Roles of the Executive Control Process and the Knowledge Base in Information Processing DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN SOME SIGNIFICANT COGNITIVE ABILITIES Attention TURNING POINTS: Some Cognitive Achievements as Seen from the Information-Processing View Memory Box 9-1 Child Psychology in Action: Should Young Children Testify in Court? Problem Solving and Reasoning Box 9-2 Child Psychology in Action: It’s Easier to Count in Chinese Than in English METACOGNITION Knowledge About the Task Knowledge About Strategies MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 9 SUMMARY 10. Intelligence and Achievement THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE The Factor Analytic Approach The Information-Processing Approach: Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences TESTING INTELLIGENCE Measuring Infant Intelligence The Stanford-Binet Test The Wechsler Scales The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Constructing Measures of Intelligence Stability of Measured Intelligence WHY DO PEOPLE DIFFER IN MEASURED INTELLIGENCE? How Much of Intelligence Is Inherited? Environmental Factors ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE Are Intelligence Tests Biased Against Minority Groups? The Effect of Context and Cultural Background on Intellectual Performance Box 10-1 Psychology in Action: Making the Grade in Japan, Taiwan, and the United States Social-Class Infl uences on Intellectual Performance ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION AND INTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE COGNITIVE INTERVENTION STUDIES Head Start and Similar Programs Characteristics of Successful Intervention Programs BEYOND THE NORMS: GIFTEDNESS AND MENTAL RETARDATION The Intellectually Gifted Children With Intellectual Defi cits Box 10-2 Risk and Resilience: Early Intervention with Children at Risk Children With Learning Disabilities CREATIVITY Defi nitions and Theories Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence Are Children Creative? MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 10 SUMMARY 11. The Family THE FAMILY SYSTEM The Ecological Systems Perspective The Marital System The Parent-Child System Box 11-1 Child Psychology in Action: Helping New Couples Cope with Becoming Parents Box 11-2 Perspectives on Diversity: Parental Child- Rearing Styles Carry Different Meanings in Different Cultures The Coparenting System The Sibling System The Family Unit as an Agent of Children’s Socialization: Family Stories and Rituals SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND SOCIALIZATION Poverty and Powerlessness Cultural Patterns in Child-Rearing THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY Parental Employment and Child Development Marital Transitions Adoption: Another Route to Parenthood Gay and Lesbian Parents Teen Pregnancy: Children Having Children CHILD ABUSE WITHIN THE FAMILY Abused Children and Their Parents The Ecology of Child Abuse Consequences of Abuse MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 11 Prevention of Child Abuse SUMMARY 12. Expanding the Social World: Peers and Friends HOW PEER INTERACTIONS BEGIN: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS Infancy: First Social Encounters Social Exchange Among Toddlers TURNING POINTS: Peer Relationships and the Development of Friendships Preschool and Elementary School Society HOW DO PEERS HELP TO SOCIALIZE CHILDREN? Modeling Behaviors Teaching and Reinforcing Social Comparison and the Developing Self PEER ACCEPTANCE How Do We Study Peer Acceptance? Factors That Affect Peer Status BOX 12-1 Risk and Resilience: Victimization by Peers: It Helps to Have Friends Consequences of Being Unpopular PROMOTERS OF PEER ACCEPTANCE: PARENTS AND TEACHERS Parents Are Coaches Parents Are Social Arrangers Teachers Can Facilitate Healthy Social Interaction WHEN PEERS BECOME FRIENDS Expectations and Obligations of Friendship Making Friends BOX 12-2 Child Psychology in Action: When “Love Thy Neighbor” Fails: Peers as Mutual Enemies Friendships Change Over Time Losing Friends The Pros and Cons of Friendship The Romantic Relationship: A Developmental Milestone PARENTS OR PEERS? WHO ARE MOST INFLUENTIAL? BEYOND DYADIC FRIENDSHIPS: THE FORMATION OF GROUPS Dominance Hierarchies Cliques and Crowds PEER GROUPS IN DIFFERENT CULTURES BOX 12-3 Perspectives on Diversity: Cross- Cultural Variations in Children’s Peer Relationships MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 12 SUMMARY 13. Gender Roles and Gender Differences DEFINING SEX AND GENDER GENDER-ROLE STANDARDS AND STEREOTYPES GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT Developmental Patterns of Gender Typing Stability of Gender Typing Box 13-1 Child Psychology in Action: Will We Let Computers Widen the Gender Gap? Gender Differences in Abilities BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GENDER DIFFERENCES Hormones and Social Behavior Hormones and Cognitive Skills Brain Lateralization and Gender Differences Biological Programming and Cultural Expectations COGNITIVE FACTORS IN GENDER TYPING TURNING POINTS: Development of Gender Roles and Gender Typing Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Gender-Schema Theory: An Information-Processing Approach INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY ON GENDER TYPING Parents’ Infl uence on Children’s Gender-Typed Choices Parents’ Behavior Toward Girls and Boys When One Parent Is Absent Gender Roles in Children of Gay and Lesbian Parents Siblings as Gender Socialization Agents EXTRAFAMILIAL INFLUENCES ON GENDER ROLES Books and Television Peers, Gender Roles, and Gender Segregation Schools and Teachers SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND IDENTITY ANDROGYNY Box 13-2 Risk and Resilience: Child-Rearing in Countercultural Families MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 13 SUMMARY 14. Morality, Altruism, and Aggression AN OVERVIEW OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT COGNITIVE THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Moral Development Box 14-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Justice Versus Interpersonal Obligations: India and the United States Distinguishing Moral Judgments from Other Social Rules Do Moral Judgments Always Lead to Moral Behavior? THE BEHAVIORAL SIDE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Self-Regulation and the Delay of Gratifi cation The Affective Side of Morality Consistency Across Situations THE EVOLUTION OF PROSOCIAL AND ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIORS TURNING POINTS: Prosocial and Altruistic Behavior How Prosocial Behavior Evolves Are Girls More Prosocial Than Boys? Determinants of Prosocial Development Box 14-2 Child Psychology in Action: How Parents Can Teach Children Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Reasoning THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGRESSION How Aggressive Behavior Develops in Children TURNING POINTS: The Development of Aggressive Behavior Gender Differences in Aggression Origins of Aggressive Behavior Control of Aggression Box 14-3 Child Psychology in Action: Reducing Bullying in Schools MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 14 SUMMARY 15. Developmental Psychopathology THE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY What Is Abnormal? The Medical Model Abnormality as Deviation from the Average Box 15-1 Perspectives on Diversity: Thai and American Views on Child Behavior Problems Abnormality as Deviation from the Ideal The Social Judgment of Child Psychopathology Continuity over Time CLASSIFYING CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY The Diagnostic Approach The Empirical Method SOME PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS THAT AFFECT CHILDREN Conduct Disorders Attention Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder Box 15-2 Child Psychology in Action: Treating Serious Multiproblem Juvenile Offenders Depression in Childhood Box 15-3 Risk and Resilience: Does a Culture of Affl uence Protect Children and Youth from the Risk of Psychopathology? Autism Spectrum Disorders MAKING THE CONNECTIONS 15 SUMMARY Epilogue Glossary References Credits Name Index Subject Index