Integer partitions: Rogers-Ramanujan type identities and asymptotics
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I. Introduction and preliminaries 1 1. Introduction (fran¸cais) 2 1.1. Etat de l’art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ´ 2 1.1.1. Les d´ebuts de la th´eorie des partitions . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2. S´eries g´en´eratrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3. Identit´es de partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1.4. Congruences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.1.5. Asymptotique et la m´ethode du cercle de Hardy-Ramanujan 15 1.1.6. Les surpartitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2. Contributions de cette th`ese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.1. Identit´es de partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.1.1. Le th´eor`eme de Schur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.1.2. Les th´eor`emes d’Andrews . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.2.1.3. L’identit´e de Siladi´c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.2.2. Asymptotique et m´ethode du cercle `a deux variables . . 28 1.2.2.1. Surpartitions avec diff´erences impaires restreintes 29 1.2.2.2. La m´ethode du cercle `a deux variables . . . . . 31 1.2.3. Une extension des coefficients q-binomiaux . . . . . . . 33 2. Introduction (English) 36 2.1. State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.1. The beginnings of the theory of partitions . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.2. Generating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1.3. Partition identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.1.4. Congruences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1.5. Asymptotics and the Hardy-Ramanujan circle method . 49 2.1.6. Overpartitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2. Contributions of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.2.1. Partition identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.1.1. Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.1.2. Andrews’ theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.2.1.3. Siladi´c’s identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.2.2. Asymptotics and the two-variable circle method . . . . 61 2.2.2.1. Overpartitions with restricted odd differences . 61 2.2.2.2. The two-variable circle method . . . . . . . . . 63 2.2.3. An extension of q-binomial coefficients . . . . . . . . . . 65 3. Preliminaries 68 3.1. Partitions and generating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.2. Gaussian polynomials (q-binomial coefficients) . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.3. Modular forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.3.1. Basic facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.3.2. Dedekind’s η function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.4. Mock theta functions and mock modular forms . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 II. Partition identities 83 4. Schur’s theorem 84 4.1. Proofs using recurrences based on the largest part . . . . . . . 84 4.1.1. Andrews’ proof of Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.1.2. Proof of Schur’s theorem for overpartitions . . . . . . . 87 4.2. Proofs using recurrences based on the smallest part . . . . . . . 92 4.2.1. Andrews’ proof of Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.2.2. Proof of Schur’s theorem for overpartitions . . . . . . . 94 4.3. Proofs based on the largest part and parts counted twice . . . . 98 4.3.1. Andrews’ proof of Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.3.2. Proof of Schur’s theorem for overpartitions . . . . . . . 100 5. Generalisation of a theorem of Andrews 105 5.1. Andrews’ first generalisation of Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . . . 105 5.1.1. Statement of the theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.1.2. Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.2. A generalisation of Andrews’ theorem to overpartitions . . . . . 111 5.2.1. Statement of the theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2.2. The q-difference equation satisfied by the generating function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.2.3. Evaluating fa(1)(1) by induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6. Generalisation of a second theorem of Andrews 136 6.1. Andrews’ second generalisation of Schur’s theorem . . . . . . . 136 6.1.1. Statement of the theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.1.2. Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.2. A generalisation of Andrews’ second theorem to overpartitions 141 6.2.1. Statement of the theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.2.2. The recurrence equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.2.3. Evaluating lim `→∞ u` by induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 7. Siladi´c’s identity 162 7.1. Statement of the theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 7.2. Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.2.1. Reformulating the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7.2.2. Obtaining q-difference equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.2.3. The induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2.3.1. Initialisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2.3.2. First case: m ≡ 0 mod 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.2.3.3. Second case: m ≡ 1 mod 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.2.3.4. Third case: m ≡ 2 mod 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.2.3.5. Fourth case: m ≡ 3 mod 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.2.4. Final argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 III. Asymptotics 176 8. The Hardy-Ramanujan-Rademacher circle method 177 8.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.2. A transformation formula for P(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.3. An expression of p(n) as an integral on a circle . . . . . . . . . 180 8.4. Σ2 is negligible compared to Σ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.5. Estimating Σ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.6. An expression for ψk(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.6.1. An expression for Lk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.6.2. An expression for Hk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 8.6.3. Final expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 9. Wright’s circle method 193 9.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 9.2. Asymptotic behaviour of P(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.2.1. Close to the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.2.2. Far from the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 9.3. The circle method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 9.3.1. The main arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 9.3.2. The error arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 10.Overpartitions with restricted odd differences 201 10.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 10.2. Generating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 10.3. Wright’s Circle Method and the proof of Theorem 10.1 . . . . . 207 10.3.1. Asymptotic behaviour of f1(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 10.3.1.1. Close to the dominant pole q = 1 . . . . . . . . 207 10.3.1.2. Far from the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . 209 10.3.2. Wright’s Circle Method and the asymptotic formula for s(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.3.3. Asymptotic behaviour of f2(q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 10.3.3.1. Close to the dominant pole q = −1 . . . . . . . 212 10.3.3.2. Far from the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . 213 10.3.4. Wright’s Circle Method and the asymptotic formula for t+(n) − t−(n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 11.The two-variable circle method: general principle 216 11.1. Jacobi forms and mock Jacobi forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 11.1.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 11.1.2. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 11.2. The idea behind the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 12.Asymptotics for the crank 222 12.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 12.2. Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 12.2.1. Modularity of the generating functions . . . . . . . . . . 224 12.2.2. Euler polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 12.3. Asymptotic behaviour of the function Ck. . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 12.3.1. Bounds near the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 12.3.2. Bounds away from the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . 234 12.4. The Circle Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 12.4.1. Approximating the main term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 12.4.2. The error arc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 12.5. Numerical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 13.Asymptotics for the rank 241 13.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13.2. Transformation Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 13.3. Asymptotic behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 13.3.1. Bounds near the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 13.3.2. Estimates far from the dominant pole . . . . . . . . . . 253 13.4. The Circle Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 IV. An extension of q-binomial coefficients 257 14.An overpartition analogue of the q-binomial coefficients 258 14.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 14.2. Basic Properties of over q-binomial coefficients . . . . . . . . . 259 14.3. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 14.4. Proof of a Rogers-Ramanujan type identity . . . . . . . . . . . 265 14.5. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Index 275 Bibliography 276
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