Atlas of Hysteroscopy

Description

Contents Part I 1: Vaginoscopy References 2: Cyclic Endometrial Changes References 3: The Atrophic Endometrium 3.1 Introduction References Part II 4: The Role of Hysteroscopy in Diagnosis and Management of Cervical Lesions References 5: Uterine Polyps 5.1 Uterine Polyps 5.2 Epidemiology References 6: Hysteroscopy and Fibroids 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Fibroids 6.3 Fertility and Fibroids 6.4 Hysteroscopy 6.5 Hysteroscopic Myomectomy References 7: The Role of Hysteroscopy in Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Anomalies 7.1 Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Anomalies 7.2 Metroplasty 7.3 Postoperative Measures 7.3.1 Prevention of Adhesions 7.3.1.1 Intrauterine Device 7.3.1.2 Foley’s Catheter 7.3.1.3 Intrauterine Balloon Stent 7.3.1.4 Word Catheter 7.3.2 Anti-adhesion Barrier Gels 7.3.3 Hormonal Treatment 7.3.4 Postoperative Assessment References 8: Adhesions and Asherman 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Classification 8.2 Diagnosis 8.3 Treatment 8.4 Prevention of Adhesion Reformation References 9: The Role of Hysteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Management Endometriosis and Adenomyosis: The Current Perspective 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 9.2.1 Adenomyosis 9.2.2 Endometriosis 9.3 Symptoms 9.4 Diagnosis 9.5 Management References 10: Isthmocele References 11: Infections and Inflammations 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Technique 11.1.2 Main Hysteroscopic Features for CE at Fluid Hysteroscopy References 12: TBC and Hysteroscopy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hysteroscopy and TBC 12.3 Difficulties at External Cervical Orifice 12.4 Difficulties at Cervical Canal 12.5 Difficulties at Internal Cervical Orifice 12.6 In the Cavity 12.7 Role of Therapeutic and Second-Look Hysteroscopy 12.8 Word of Caution 12.9 Advantage of Hysteroscopy References 13: Retained Products of Conception 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Diagnosis 13.3 Treatment References 14: Endometrial Hyperplasia 14.1 Definition and Epidemiology 14.2 Classification 14.3 Risk Factors 14.4 Diagnosis 14.5 Hysteroscopy 14.5.1 Low-Risk Hyperplasia 14.5.2 High-Risk Hyperplasia References 15: Endometrial Cancer 15.1 Epidemiology 15.2 Classification and Histopathology 15.3 Clinical Presentation 15.4 Diagnosis 15.4.1 Ultrasonography 15.4.2 Diagnostic Hysteroscopy 15.4.2.1 Normal Endometrium 15.4.2.2 Low-Risk Endometrial Hyperplasia 15.4.2.3 High-Risk Endometrial Hyperplasia 15.4.2.4 Endometrial Cancer (EC) 15.4.2.5 Atypical Endometrial Pattern of Undetermined Significance 15.4.3 Office Hysteroscopy 15.4.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) 15.5 Staging 15.5.1 Endometrial Cancer Classification 15.6 Treatment 15.7 Conservative Treatment 15.7.1 Hysteroscopic Conservative Management of Early Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma in Younger Patients References Part III 16: Hysteroscopy and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Endometrial and Cervical Polyps (AUB-P) 16.3 Adenomyosis (AUB-A) 16.4 Leiomyoma (AUB-L) 16.5 Malignancy and Hyperplasia (AUB-M) 16.6 Coagulopathy (AUB-C) 16.7 Ovulatory Dysfunction (AUB-O) 16.8 Endometrial (AUB-E) 16.9 Iatrogenic (AUB-I) 16.10 Not Yet Classified (AUB-N) 16.11 Summary References 17: Hysteroscopy and Infertility 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Chronic Endometritis 17.3 Adenomyosis 17.4 Dysmorphic Uterus 17.5 Isthmocele 17.6 Cases References 18: The Role of Hysteroscopy in Diagnosis and Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) 18.1 Congenital Uterine Anomalies 18.2 Acquired Uterine Anomalies 18.2.1 Myomas 18.2.2 Adenomyosis 18.2.3 Retained Products of Conception 18.2.4 Intrauterine Adhesions and Polyps 18.2.5 Chronic Endometritis References 19: Hysteroscopy During Menopause References 20: Hysteroscopy During Pregnancy 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Polyp at the Implantation Site 20.1.2 Retained Products of Conception and Placental Accretism 20.1.3 Placental Accretism 20.2 During Pregnancy 20.2.1 Embryoscopy and Fetoscopy 20.2.2 Fetoscopy 20.2.3 Embryonic Reduction 20.3 Chorionic Villus Sampling 20.3.1 Chorionic Villus Sampling 20.3.2 Removal of Foreign Bodies 20.3.3 Metroplasty During Pregnancy 20.3.4 Cervical Pathology (Polyps) 20.4 Ectopic Pregnancy 20.4.1 Cervical Pregnancy 20.4.2 Cornual Pregnancy 20.4.3 Cervical Pregnancy in Isthmocele 20.4.4 Heterotopic Pregnancy (Cervical and In Situ) References 21: Hysteroscopy and Contraception 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Hysteroscopic Sterilisation 21.3 Hysteroscopic Problem-Solving in Contraception 21.4 Hysteroscopic Placement of Long-Acting Contraceptive Devices 21.5 Notes References 22: Hysteroscopy and Tubal Pathologies 22.1 Background 22.1.1 The Fallopian Tube 22.2 Physiology 22.3 Tubal Occlusion Due to Infectious Diseases 22.3.1 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis 22.4 Tubo-Ovarian Abscess 22.5 Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa 22.6 Endosalpingiosis 22.7 Ectopic Pregnancy 22.8 Fallopian Tube Carcinoma 22.9 Miscellaneous Reasons for Proximal Tubal Occlusion 22.9.1 Miscellaneous Tubal Images Electronic Supplementary MaterialsReferences Electronic Supplementary MaterialsReferences 23: Complications in Hysteroscopy 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Complications of Distension Media 23.2.1 Gas Distension Medium 23.2.2 Fluid Distension Media 23.2.2.1 Electrolytic Fluids 23.2.2.2 Non-electrolytic Fluids 23.3 Other Complications 23.3.1 Trauma to Uterus and Cervix 23.3.2 Air or Gas Embolism 23.3.3 Bleeding 23.3.4 Infection 23.3.5 Late Complications 23.3.6 Haematometra 23.3.7 Unplanned Pregnancy 23.4 Dissemination of Endometrial Cancer Cells References