Exercise Physiology

Description

NEW! Davis Digital Version online at DavisPlus lets you access your complete text online. Quickly search for the content you need and add notes, highlights, and bookmarks. Features a hands-on, application-based approach with a wealth of in-book examples, special features, and instrumental art program. Demonstrates the application of exercise physiology principles to the general population, not just athletes. Addresses the emotional and affective aspects of exercise physiology practice (effective interpersonal communication, exercise as an experience) in translating the science into practical knowledge. Offers wealth of learning tools and activities, including... Running vignettes engage the reader and illustrate the relevance of the chapter lessons to practice. “In Your Words” boxes measure your ability to communicate accurately and effectively with clients. “Doing the Math” boxes provide the mathematical knowledge needed to apply concepts from the text and offer hands-on practice. “From Theory to Practice” boxes show an instant, real-world connection to scientific information. Sex Differences clearly show when results or procedures are effected by gender. Practice What You Know activities give instructors the ability to assign lab activities directly from the textbook. Inside Front Cover Copyright Dedication Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Reviewers Contents in Brief Contents PART I Introduction to Exercise Physiology Chapter 1 Welcome to the Field of Exercise Physiology LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E WHAT IS EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY? BRIEF HISTORY OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY Ancient Greece Foundations of Modern Medical Science Pioneers in Exercise Science Exercise Physiology at Harvard University European Contributions to Exercise Science Advances in Technology PHYSICAL EDUCATION The First Physical Education Curriculum Physical Education in America Current Trends in Physical Education MODERN FITNESS MOVEMENT Current and Future Emphases in Exercise Science Healthy People 2020 V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES References Chapter 2 Physical Fitness and Health LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E DEFINING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Physical Activity Exercise Physical Fitness IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON PUBLIC HEALTH Dose–Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Health General Physical Activity Guidelines IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON CHRONIC DISEASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND LONGEVITY CHRONIC DISEASE AND THE AGING POPULATION Quality of Life Musculoskeletal Fitness in Older Adults V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES References PART II Fueling Physical Activity Chapter 3 Introduction to Basic Sports Nutrition LEARNING OUTCOMES NUTRIENTS Macronutrients Micronutrients CARBOHYDRATES Structure Key Functions of Specific Carbohydrates Storage in the Body Glycemic Index Glycemic Load FATS Structure Key Functions Storage PROTEINS Structure Digestion of Dietary Protein Key Functions Recommendations on Protein Intake Storage Protein Quality Gluten VITAMINS AND MINERALS V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 4 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Energy Transfer LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E BIOENERGETICS SURVIVAL GUIDE THERMODYNAMICS First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy Second Law of Thermodynamics: Directionality of Reactions ENERGY: THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK Calorie Adenosine Triphosphate ENERGY PATHWAYS Phosphagen System Glycolysis Lactate Production Role of the Energy Systems in Exercise Fatigue AEROBIC RESPIRATION: MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION Pyruvate Entry Into the Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Overall Adenosine Triphosphate Total From Carbohydrates LIPID OXIDATION Beta-Oxidation Glycerol Overall Adenosine Triphosphate Total From Lipids PROTEIN OXIDATION KETONE BODIES AND KETOGENESIS THE METABOLIC MILL ROLE OF THE ENERGY PATHWAY IN EXERCISE FATIGUE INTEGRATED FUNCTION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS SEX DIFFERENCES IN ENERGY SYSTEMS Phosphagen System Glycolysis Mitochondrial Respiration EFFECT OF AGING ON ENERGY PATHWAYS Capacity of the Energy Pathways and Effects of Training V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 5 Energy Expenditure LEARNING OUTCOMES ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY/PUBLIC HEALTH QUANTIFICATION OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE Direct Calorimetry Indirect Calorimetry Noncalorimetric Techniques PREDICTION OF EXERCISE ENERGY EXPENDITURE WITH METABOLIC EQUATIONS OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Absolute ViO2 Relative ViO2 RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO OXYGEN KINETICS Oxygen Deficit Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption CUSTOMIZING ENERGY EXPENDITURE GOALS V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know PART III Physiological Systems Chapter 6 Respiratory System LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Thoracic Cavity Lungs Pleura and Pleural Cavity Conducting Zone Trachea Bronchial Tree Respiratory Zone Respiratory Membrane Alveolar Interdependence MINUTE VENTILATION LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES Lung Volumes Lung Capacities Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second/ Forced Vital Capacity Ratio CONTROL OF RESPIRATION Respiratory Control Center Humoral Control THE WORK OF BREATHING Mechanics of Inspiration and Expiration at Rest Muscles of Ventilation During Exercise GAS DIFFUSION Partial Pressure of Gases Factors That Affect Gas Diffusion Sites for Gas Diffusion TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE Oxygen Transport in the Blood Fick Equation Hemoglobin-Oxygen Saturation: Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 7 Cardiovascular System LEARNING OUTCOMES ROLE OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY OF THE HEART Heart Pump Cardiac Tissue Pericardium Cardiac Wall Myocardium PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION PRESSURES, VELOCITY, AND CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA CORONARY CIRCULATION CARDIAC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION Structures Electrocardiogram CARDIAC CYCLE Phase 1: Ventricular Filling Phase 2: Isovolumetric Contraction Phase 3: Ventricular Ejection Phase 4: Isovolumetric Relaxation REGULATION OF STROKE VOLUME Venous Return Plasma Volume Ventricular Filling Time Ventricular Chamber Size Afterload CARDIAC TERMINOLOGY Cardiac Output Arterial Blood Pressure Rate-Pressure Product Ejection Fraction HEMODYNAMICS Blood Relation Among Pressure, Cardiac Output, and Vascular Resistance NEURAL CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Cardiovascular Control Center Autonomic Nervous System Peripheral Control HUMORAL CONTROL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 8 Acute and Chronic Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E CARDIORESPIRATORY CHANGES AND RESPONSES TO EXERCISE AND RECOVERY Heart Rate Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output Blood Pressure and Total Peripheral Resistance Pulmonary Ventilation Airway Resistance PO2 and PCO2 Ventilation to Perfusion Equality Ventilatory Drift Ventilatory Threshold 1 and Ventilatory Threshold 2 Methods to Identify the Ventilatory Threshold BLOOD FLOW AND OXYGEN DELIVERY TO SKELETAL MUSCLE Cardiac Output Responses Redistribution of Systemic Blood Flow Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference CARDIORESPIRATORY CONTROL DURING EXERCISE Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors Thermoreceptors Other Receptors SUMMARY OF CARDIO RESPIRATORY CHANGES AND RESPONSES TO EXERCISE CARDIO RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS TO AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, and Cardiac Output Blood Pressure Cardiac Hypertrophy Blood: Plasma and Other Factors Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference and Muscle Blood Flow Pulmonary Ventilation ACUTE CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE TRAINING Pressor Response Dynamic and Isometric Resistance Exercise V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 9 Structure and Function of Muscle and the Nervous System LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E MUSCULAR SYSTEM Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle Thick and Thin Filaments Connective Tissue MUSCLE FUNCTION Muscle-Fiber Types Muscle Contraction Motor Unit Recruitment Muscle Growth Muscle Atrophy NERVOUS SYSTEM Neural Organization Structures of the Nervous System Transmission of Nerve Impulses Proprioception Motor Coordination and Movement V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 10 Acute and Chronic Neuromuscular Responses to Exercise LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E REFLEX RESPONSES AND MOTOR ACTIVITY Reflex Arc Sensory-Motor Integration ACUTE NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSES TO EXERCISE Contractile Characteristics of Motor Units Regulation of Force Production Neuromuscular Fatigue Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness CHRONIC NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE Muscle Strength Muscle Fiber Adaptations NEUROMUSCULAR ADAPTATIONS AFTERCESSATION OF RESISTANCE TRAINING V I G N E T T E Conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 11 Endocrine System and Hormonal Responses to Exercise LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES HORMONE INTERACTIONS WITH TARGET CELLS Steroid Hormone Activity Nonsteroid Hormone Activity Negative Feedback System HORMONAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE EXERCISE Blood Glucose Maintenance Plasma Volume Maintenance Acute Hormone Response to Resistance Training HORMONAL ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC EXERCISE TRAINING Adrenal Hormones Pancreatic Hormones Growth Hormone Testosterone V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 12 Thermoregulatory System and Thermoregulatory Responses to Exercise LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS WITHIN THE BODY FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEAT GAIN FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEAT LOSS Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation Calculating True Sweat Weight Excretion FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THERMOREGULATION Age Body Size and Composition Conditioning Level Hydration Status Clothing Environmental Factors THERMOREGULATION IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS Physiological Responses to Heat Stress Evaluation of the Environment Risks Associated With Heat Stress Exertional Heat Stroke: Position Statements Adaptations to Heat Stress Oral Rehydration Therapy Effective Strategies for Exercising in the Heat THERMOREGULATION IN COLD ENVIRONMENTS Physiological Responses to Cold Stress Evaluation of the Environment Risks Associated With Cold Stress Adaptations to Cold Stress Effective Strategies for Exercising in the Cold VIGNETTE conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know PART IV Physiology of Training Chapter 13 Principles of Exercise Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMMING GENERAL TRAINING PRINCIPLES Overload Specificity Progression Diminishing Returns Reversibility PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS General Adaptation Syndrome Periodization Additional Programming Considerations FATIGUE Energy Systems Metabolic By-products Neural Fatigue Thermoregulatory Stress Cardiopulmonary Fatigue Tolerance for Discomfort and Mental Toughness MUSCLE SORENESS V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 14 Stability and Mobility Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS INTEGRATED KINETIC CHAIN CONCEPTS AND CONSEQUENCES Fundamental Movement Transfer of Loads and Forces Throughout the Body Injury Prevention STABILITY SYSTEMS Passive System Active System Control System Actively Passive System ROLE OF POSTURE IN THE STABILITY– MOBILITY RELATIONSHIP Muscle Balance Neuromuscular Coordination Mechanical Efficiency TRAINING PRINCIPLES Volume Intensity Guidelines for Restoring Muscle Balance and Stability–Mobility V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 15 Cardiorespiratory Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E HEALTH-RISK APPRAISAL COMPONENTS OF A CARDIORESPIRATORY WORKOUT SESSION Warm-up Conditioning Phase Cool-down GENERAL GUIDELINES FORCARDIORESPIRATORY EXERCISE Frequency Intensity Duration Exercise Progression MODES OR TYPES OFCARDIORESPIRATORY EXERCISE Group Exercise Circuit Training Seasonal Exercise Outdoor Exercise Water-Based Exercise Mind–Body Exercise Lifestyle Exercise PROGRAM DESIGN FORCARDIORESPIRATORY TRAINING Initial Aerobic Conditioning Aerobic Endurance Training Anaerobic Training RECOVERY AND REGENERATION V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 16 Resistance Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E BENEFITS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING Improved Physical Function Aesthetic Appearance and Body Composition Metabolic Increase Reducing Risk for Injury and Chronic Disease GENERAL GUIDELINES Frequency Intensity Repetitions Sets Rest and Recovery Tempo TYPES OF STRENGTH TRAINING Volume Training Load Training Power Training COMPONENTS AND VARIABLES OFEXERCISE PROGRAM DESIGN EXERCISE SELECTION AND SEQUENCING Isolation Exercises Compound Exercises EXERCISE PROGRAM DESIGN FORRESISTANCE TRAINING/PERIODIZATION Linear Periodization Nonlinear (Undulating) Periodization GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSFOR LONG-TERM PROGRAMS STRENGTH TRAINING EQUIPMENTOPTIONS VIGNETTE conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 17 Flexibility Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E ORIGIN OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING FLEXIBILITY AND RANGE OF MOTION TYPES OF FLEXIBILITY BENEFITS OF FLEXIBILITY Muscle Relaxation and Stress Reduction Decreased Low-Back Pain Relief From Muscle Cramps Prevention of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Injury Prevention CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO FLEXIBILITY Soft-Tissue Factors Age Injury Tissue Temperature STRETCHING MODALITIES Static Stretching Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques Active Isolated Stretching Myofascial Release Dynamic Stretching or Dynamic Range of Motion Movements Ballistic Stretching FLEXIBILITY PROGRAMMING FOR GENERAL HEALTH AND FITNESS V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 18 Skill-Related Training LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E SKILL-RELATED COMPONENTS OF FITNESS Balance Coordination Power Speed Agility Reaction Time BASIC TRAINING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES Kinetic Chain Concept Center of Gravity and Center of Mass Base of Support and Stability Force/Velocity Continuum SPORTS CONDITIONING TRAINING PROGRAM COMPONENTS Periodization Drill Selection and Progression PROGRAMMING GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS Fitness Level Age: Chronological Versus Physiological Conducting Needs Assessments for Sport Training for Balance Training for Power Training for Speed, Agility, and Quickness V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 19 Mind–Body Exercise and Fitness LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E THE FITNESS BODY AS A TRILOGY: MIND, BODY, AND SPIRIT COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS STABILITY–MOBILITY CIRCLE YOGA General Precautions With Hatha Yoga Programs Equipment Applications Common Misconceptions T’AI CHI AND QIGONG T’ai Chi Qigong Exercise Breathing Equipment Applications Common Misconceptions PILATES Training Methods Breathing Equipment Applications Common Misconceptions FELDENKRAIS Training Methods Breathing Equipment Applications Common Misconceptions OTHER MIND–BODY DISCIPLINES V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES PART V Nutritional Strategies Chapter 20 Nutrition and Hydration for Optimal Sports Performance, Fitness, and Health LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E FUNDAMENTALS OF SPORTS NUTRITION Macronutrient, Micronutrient, and Fluid Needs Carbohydrates Nutrient Timing ENERGY INTAKE AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE Carbohydrates Protein Fat NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMALPERFORMANCE Pre-exercise Fueling Fueling During Exercise Post-exercise Refueling HYDRATION FOR OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE Euhydration and Estimating Fluid Needs Hyperhydration and Hyponatremia Dehydration and Caffeine Fluid Balance and Hydration Before Exercise Hydration During Exercise Post-exercise Rehydration ATHLETES AND EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Female Athlete Triad Preventing Eating Disorders in High-Risk Populations SPECIAL POPULATIONS, SPORTS NUTRITION, AND PERFORMANCE Vegetarian Athletes Gluten Sensitivity Youth Sports Nutrition V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 21 Nutritional Supplements and Ergogenic Aids LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E OVERVIEW OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS SUPPLEMENT REGULATION Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act Current Good Manufacturing Practices Monitoring Systems WEIGHT-LOSS SUPPLEMENTS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS FOR HEALTH Vitamin and Mineral Supplements for Health Macronutrient Supplements for Health Herbal Supplements PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUPPLEMENTS Banned Substances and Doping Steroids Hormones Diuretics Stimulants Proteins and Amino Acids Other Popular Ergogenic Aids SCOPE OF PRACTICE Practical Guidelines for Health and Fitness Professionals V I G N E T T E Conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES PART VI Obesity and Weight Management Chapter 22 Physiology of Obesity LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY Overweight Versus Obesity Estimation of Body Fatness Using Body Mass Index Use of Body Mass Index in the Clinical Setting Limitations of Body Mass Index Fat Cell Size and Number: Hypertrophy Versus Hyperplasia HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY Specific Health Risks of Excessive Body Fat Importance of Body-Fat Distribution Pattern Impact of Obesity Across Race and Sex CAUSE OF OBESITY Energy Intake Energy Expenditure Possible Mechanisms of Obesity INFLUENCE OF GENETICS VERSUS ENVIRONMENT Genetic Factors Environmental Factors V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 23 Body Composition LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E BODY COMPOSITION AND HEALTH RISKS BODY COMPOSITION MODELS DETERMINANTS OF BODY COMPOSITION Calculating Total Body Density Age Sex Ethnicity Physical-Activity Participation DESIRABLE BODY FAT PERCENTAGE BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES Height and Weight Tables Body Mass Index Anthropometric Measurements Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Hydrostatic Weighing Other Methods of Body Composition Assessment CALCULATING IDEAL BODY WEIGHT FOLLOW-UP ASSESSMENTS FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Practice What You Know Chapter 24 Weight-Management Strategies LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E WEIGHT-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE INDIVIDUALS LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change Principles of Lifestyle Modification Behavioral Approaches NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMING Assessing a Client’s Current Dietary Habits Food Models and Portion Estimates Estimating Caloric Needs Simple Solutions Using Caloric Information to Affect Weight EXERCISE PROGRAMMING FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE CLIENTS Exercise Guidelines Biomechanical Considerations for Cardiorespiratory Exercise Resistance Training Biomechanical Considerations for Resistance Training Realistic Goals and Realistic Obstacles Preventing Weight Regain MEDICAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY Medications and Physiological Responses Surgical Interventions V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES PART VII Fitness Across the Life Span Chapter 25 Children and Adolescents LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE YOUTH POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Age, Maturation, and Training Pubertal Effects on Physical Fitness Stages of Maturation PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSESTO EXERCISE Metabolic Responses Cardiorespiratory Responses to Exercise Neuromuscular Factors and Strength Development PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PEDIATRIC HEALTH Health-Related Benefits Physical Activity Guidelines Health and Skill-Related Fitness PROGRAM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Aerobic Exercise Resistance Training Flexibility Exercise Dynamic Warm-up Fundamental Movement Skills Motivation and Leadership V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 26 Older Adults LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E COMMUNICATING WITH OLDER CLIENTS Stereotypes Generational Gaps Value Differences Lack of Professionalism AGING CONCEPTS Aging Basics Why Do People Age? PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING Neuromuscular System Skeletal System Cardiometabolic System Cognition and Psychological Well-being UNDERSTANDING FUNCTION EXERCISE TRAINING Considerations Aerobic Exercise Resistance Exercise Functional Training Training for Muscular Power Balance and Fall Prevention Vibration Training Yoga Aquatics PART VIII Special Considerations Chapter 27 Cardiometabolic Disorders LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E HYPERTENSION Diagnostic Criteria and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines Nonpharmacological Treatment Pharmacological Treatment Exercise and Hypertension DIABETES Treatment and Blood Glucose Control Benefits of Exercise With Type 1 Diabetes Benefits of Exercise With Type 2 Diabetes Exercise and Diabetes METABOLIC SYNDROME Treatment Exercise and Metabolic Syndrome DYSLIPIDEMIA Treatment Exercise and Dyslipidemia CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Coronary Artery Disease Interventional Treatment Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE AND PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE Treatment Exercise and Peripheral Vascular Disease STROKE Exercise and Stroke V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 28 Other Common Medical Conditions and Pregnancy LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E ASTHMA Exercise-Induced Asthma Exercise and Asthma Exercise Guidelines CANCER Types and Causes of Cancer Treatment Exercise and Cancer Exercise Guidelines Exercise Precautions OSTEOPOROSIS Treatment Exercise and Osteoporosis ARTHRITIS AND FIBROMYALGIA Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibromyalgia Exercise and Arthritic and/or Inflammatory Conditions LOW-BACK PAIN Prevention and Treatment Exercise and Low-Back Pain V I G N E T T E conclusion PREGNANCY Exercise Guidelines for Pregnant Women Postpartum Exercise Guidelines CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 29 Altitude, Pollution, and Underwater Diving: Effects on Exercise Capacity LEARNING OUTCOMES ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT ALTITUDE Atmospheric Pressure Changes Sun, Temperature, Wind, and Terrain Concerns Adjustments to Acute Altitude Exposure Adjustments to Chronic Altitude Exposure Performance and Altitude Training Health Risks and Altitude Exposure AIR POLLUTION Cardiopulmonary Performance UNDERWATER DIVING Brief History of Underwater Diving Physics of Diving Physiological Responses During Scuba Diving Diving Equipment Complications During Scuba Diving V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Chapter 30 Common Musculoskeletal Injuries LEARNING OUTCOMES V I G N E T T E COMMON TYPES OF INJURIES Fractures Sprains Strains Cartilage Damage Overuse Conditions TISSUE REACTION TO INJURY TREATMENT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES Preexisting Injuries Acute Injury Management FLEXIBILITY AND MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES COMMON UPPER-EXTREMITY INJURIES Shoulder Impingement Rotator Cuff Injuries Elbow Tendonitis LOWER-EXTREMITY INJURIES Trochanteric Bursitis Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Infrapatellar Tendinopathy Meniscal Injuries Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Ankle Sprains Shin Splints Achilles Tendinopathy Plantar Fasciitis RECORD-KEEPING Medical History Exercise Record Incident Report Correspondence V I G N E T T E conclusion CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES Appendix A American Council on Exercise Fitness Certifications PERSONAL TRAINER GROUP FITNESS INSTRUCTOR HEALTH COACH ADVANCED HEALTH & FITNESS SPECIALIST Glossary Subject Index