Energy Transfers by Convection

Description

Cover; Half-Title Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Introduction; 1. Basic Concepts and Balances; 1.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics; 1.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics; 1.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances; 1.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs; 1.3.2. Accumulation in the system; 1.3.3. Generation in a system; 1.3.4. Balance equation; 1.4. Fluxes and flux densities; 1.4.1. Energy fluxes; 1.4.2. Mass fluxes; 1.4.3. Flux densities; 1.5. Operating states; 1.5.1. Steady state; 1.5.2. Transient state. Cover Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Introduction 1. Basic Concepts and Balances 1.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics 1.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics 1.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances 1.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs 1.3.2. Accumulation in the system 1.3.3. Generation in a system 1.3.4. Balance equation 1.4. Fluxes and flux densities 1.4.1. Energy fluxes 1.4.2. Mass fluxes 1.4.3. Flux densities 1.5. Operating states 1.5.1. Steady state 1.5.2. Transient state. 1.6. Transfer area1.6.1. What does the transfer area represent? 1.6.2. Illustration: transfer area in a heat exchanger 1.6.3. Illustration: transfer area inferred from a technical drawing 1.7. Driving potential difference 1.7.1. Heat transfer potential difference 1.7.2. Mass transfer potential difference 1.8. Exercises and solutions 1.9. Reading: seawater desalination 1.9.1. Level of purification 1.9.2. Water sources used 1.9.3. Water characteristics according to the source 1.9.4. Several techniques 1.9.5. Energy cost: the decisive factor 1.9.6. A promising outlook. 2. Mechanisms and Laws of Heat Transfer2.1. Introduction 2.2. Mechanism and law of conduction 2.3. Mechanism and law of convection 2.3.1. Examples 2.3.2. Law of convection 2.3.3. Forced convection versus natural convection 2.4. Radiation transfer mechanism 2.4.1. Correction to take account of the nature of the surface 2.4.2. Geometric correction: the view factor 2.4.3. Radiation transfer between black surfaces under total influence 2.4.4. Radiation transfer between black surfaces in arbitrary positions 2.4.5. Radiation transfer between gray surfaces in arbitrary positions. 2.5. Exercises and solutions2.6. Reading: Joseph Fourier 3. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Processes 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Classification of mass transfer mechanisms 3.3. Transfer mechanisms in single-phase systems 3.3.1. The vacancy mechanism 3.3.2. The interstitial mechanism 3.3.3. Random walk 3.3.4. The kinetic model 3.3.5. The quantum model 3.4. Mass transfer processes in single-phase media 3.4.1. Transfer under the action of a concentration gradient: osmosis 3.4.2. Transfer under the action of a pressure gradient: ultrafiltration 3.4.3. Dialysis. 3.4.4. Thermal gradient diffusion3.4.5. Diffusion by a gradient of force: centrifugation 3.4.6. Electromagnetic diffusion 3.4.7. Laminar flux transfer 3.4.8. Laser transfer 3.4.9. Transfer under the action of an electric field: electrodialysis 3.5. Mechanisms and processes in two-phase media 3.5.1. Distillation 3.5.2. Absorption mass transfer 3.6. Exercises and solutions 3.7. Reading: uranium enrichment 3.7.1. Uranium as a fuel 3.7.2. Uranium in nature 3.7.3. Natural-uranium reactors 3.7.4. Pressurized-water reactors 3.7.5. Fast-neutron reactors.