Light Exotic Nuclei Near the Boundary of Neutron Stability

Description

The monograph describes the properties of the lightest nuclei with large excess of neutrons. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of neutron-rich isotopes with 1 ≤ Z ≤ 20 are presented while also changes in the structure of nuclei when going away from the line of β-stability are discussed. Information presented is on the mass, radii of distribution of nuclear matter, energy levels for excited states of these nuclei, the possibility of manifestation of a halo, as well as the deformation of nuclei and the quantum properties of ground states. The position of the boundary of nucleon stability for these nuclei is considered. The effects associated with weakening and even the disappearing influence of standard magic numbers and the appearance of new ones are discussed. The results presented in the book will be useful in other fields of science as well, including astrophysics. CONTENTS Foreword Preface Chapter 1. Properties of Nuclei Near the Boundary of Neutron Stability and their Synthesis 1.1. Boundaries of Nuclear Stability 1.1.1. Map of nuclides 1.1.2. Neutron boundary of stability for light nuclei 1.2. Exotism of Light Nuclei 1.2.1. Mass and binding energy of nuclei at boundaries of neutron stability 1.2.2. Features of filling energy levels 1.2.3. Change in the shape of nuclei when approaching boundaries of stability 1.2.4. Systematics of nuclear radii for light nuclei 1.2.5. Neutron halo Chapter 2. Synthesis of Neutron-Rich Isotopes of Light Elements 2.1. Fission Reactions 2.2. Reactions of Fragmentation of Target Nucleus 2.3. Reactions of Fragmentation of Bombarding Ion 2.4. Reactions with Heavy Ions Accompanied by Emission of Fast Particles 2.5. Charge-exchange Reactions 2.6. Features of Transfer Reactions for Spectroscopy of Light Exotic Nuclei 2.7. Deep Inelastic Transfer Reactions, Quasi-fission 2.8. Search for Neutron-rich Nuclei in Pion Absorption Reactions Chapter 3. Beams of Radioactive Nuclei 3.1. Masses and Binding Energies 3.2. Spectroscopy with Beams of Radioactive Nuclei 3.3. Decays of Exotic Nuclei 3.3.1. Nucleon density distributions in exotic nuclei 3.3.2. Momentum distribution for weakly bound nuclei 3.4. Reactions with Exotic Nuclei 3.4.1. Elastic scattering of beams of radioactive nuclei 3.4.2. Complete fusion reactions 3.4.3. Transfer reactions 3.4.4. Manifestation of giant dipole resonance in reactions with beams of radioactive nuclei Chapter 4. Methods for Studying the Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei 4.1. Binary Reactions; Missing Mass Method 4.2. Invariant Mass Method References for Chapters 1–4 Chapter 5. Structure of Light Neutron-Rich Nuclei 5.1. Multineutrons 5.1.1. Dineutron 5.1.2. Trineutron 5.1.3. Tetraneutron 5.1.4. Multi-neutrons with the number of neutrons N ≥ 4 5.2. Superheavy Isotopes of Hydrogen 5.2.1. 4H 5.2.2. 5H 5.2.3. 6H 5.2.4. Results of studying the structure of hydrogen isotopes with A = 4, 5, and 6 5.2.5. 7Н and prospects of research on superheavy isotopes of hydrogen References for Sections 5.1, 5.2 5.3. Helium Isotopes 5.3.1. 6He nucleus 5.3.1.1. Cluster states 5.3.1.2. Excited states 5.3.1.3. Neutron “skin” and the density of nucleon distribution 5.3.1.4. Reactions with 6He nuclei 5.3.2. 7He nucleus 5.3.2.1. Excited levels of the 7Не nucleus 5.3.3. 8He nucleus 5.3.3.1. Excited states of 8He 5.3.3.2. Clusters in 8Не 5.3.3.3. Nucleon distributions in the 8Не nucleus 5.3.3.4. Fusion reaction with 8Не nuclei 5.3.4. The 9Не nucleus 5.3.4.1. Measurement of mass and excited states of 9He 5.3.4.2. Comparative analysis of the results for the 9He nucleus 5.3.5. Superheavy isotope 10Не 5.3.5.1. Mass and excited levels of the 10Не nucleus 5.3.6. Conclusions about the nuclear structure of helium isotopes 5.3.7. Prospects for further study of helium isotopes with A ≥ 10 References for Section 5.3 5.4. Lithium Isotopes 5.4.1. 10Li nucleus 5.4.1.1. Conclusions about the structure of 10Li 5.4.2. 11Li nucleus 5.4.2.1. Conclusions about the nuclear structure of 11Li 5.4.3. Prospects for further studies of 10Li and 11Li. Progress towards heavier lithium isotopes References for Section 5.4 5.5. Beryllium Isotopes 5.5.1. 11Ве nucleus 5.5.2. 12Be nucleus 5.5.3. 13Be nucleus 5.5.3.1. Measurement of spectrum of 13Ве 5.5.3.2. Discussion of the structure of 13Be 5.5.4. 14Ве nucleus 5.5.5. Level diagrams for isotopes 12Ве, 13Ве, and 14Ве 5.5.6. Beryllium isotopes with A > 14 5.5.7. Clustering in beryllium isotopes References for Section 5.5 5.6. Boron Isotopes 5.6.1. 13В nucleus 5.6.1.1. Reaction 16O(14C, 17F)13B 5.6.1.2. Reactions 12C(14C, 13N)13B, 12C(13C, 12N)13B, 12C(15N, 14O)13B 5.6.1.3. Results of studies of the 13В structure 5.6.2. 14B nucleus 5.6.3. 15B nucleus 5.6.4. 16В nucleus 5.6.5. 17B nucleus 5.6.6. Clustering in boron isotopes 5.6.7. Prospects for research of boron isotopes References for Section 5.6 5.7. Carbon Isotopes 5.7.1. 14С nucleus 5.7.2. Reaction of stripping of three neutrons (12С, 9С) 5.7.3. 15С nucleus 5.7.4. 16С nucleus 5.7.5. 17С nucleus 5.7.6. 18С nucleus 5.7.7. 19С nucleus 5.7.8. Carbon isotopes with A ≥ 20 5.7.9. Carbon “polymers” References for Section 5.7 5.8. Heavy Nitrogen Isotopes 5.8.1. Nitrogen isotopes with A < 23 5.8.2. Nitrogen isotopes with A ≥ 23 References for Section 5.8 Chapter 6. Nuclei Near Closed Shells N = 20 and 28. New Magic Numbers 6.1. Manifestation of the New Magic Number N = 16 6.2. Phenomenology of Closed Shells and Distribution of Matter 6.3. Closed Shells for Nuclei Far from the Line of Stability 6.4. Methods for Production of Neutron-rich Nuclei of Light Elements Near the Shells N = 20 and N = 28 6.5. Neutron-rich Isotopes of Oxygen and Fluorine 6.6. Neutron-rich Isotopes of Neon 6.7. Heavy Isotopes of Magnesium 6.8. Isotopes of Silicon, Sulfur, Argon, Calcium 6.9. Isotopes of Phosphorus, Chlorine, Calcium References for Chapter 6 Chapter 7. Exotic Nuclei and Astrophysics 7.1. Basic Concepts of the Evolution of the Universe 7.2. Nucleosynthesis 7.3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis 7.4. Nuclear Cosmochronology 7.5. Nuclear Physics Experiments in Astrophysics 7.6. Nuclear Level Diagrams 7.7. Nuclear Shape 7.8. Nuclear Sizes 7.9. Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis 7.10. Neutrinos in the Macrocosm References for Chapter 7 Conclusion Index About the Authors