Itinerant Ideas. Race, Indigeneity and Cross-Border Intellectual Encounters in Latin America (1900-1950)

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Acknowledgments Contents List of Figures Chapter 1: Introduction: Transnational Race-Making in Latin America—Chilean-Peruvian Conversations Race Beyond Nation Chile and Peru: An Illuminating Case Study of South-South Knowledge Exchange Modernisation, Indigenismo, and the “Indigenous Question” in Latin America Transnational Intellectual Networks in Latin America Conference Circuits, Periodical Culture and Epistolary Exchanges Structure and Organisation Part I: Indigeneity and Labour: Contested Class Struggles Introduction Chapter 2: Socialism, Communism and Aprismo: Revolutionary Languages of Race Distinct yet Interwoven Histories of Party-Political Mobilisation Race and Anti-Imperialism at the Margins of the Communist International The Communist Party and Indigenous Politics in Chile and Peru Writing Chile into Aprista Narratives of Indo-America Exporting Hopes of Indo-American Resurrection from Chile Conclusions Chapter 3: Indigeneity, Land and Property Conversing about Land Reform in and Via Mexico Land Reform in Early Twentieth Century Peru: A History of Empty Promises Land Reform in Early Twentieth Century Chile: More Empty Promises A Transnational Portrait of Dispossession, Rebellion and Repression Discourses of Autochthony and Historical Continuity Conclusions Chapter 4: Labour Legislation: Vocal Challenges to Enduring Exclusions Celebrating Statist Social Action on the International Conference Circuit Protecting and Enabling Indigenous Agricultural Workers Recognising Indigenous Urban Labour Indigenous Art as Industry The Racial Politics of Dirt and Disease: Producing Clean, Healthy Workers Conclusions Part II: Indigeneity and Cultural Heritage: Who and Where Are Civilised? Introduction Chapter 5: Weaving the Indigenous Past into the Present Nationalist Appropriations of a Shared Inca History Selling Ancient Indigenous Chile on a Modern Pan-American Stage Representing Indigenous America in Prague Chile and Peru on Display in Seville Publicising and Validating Chilean Expertise in Mexico and Peru Conclusions Chapter 6: Machu Picchu and Cuzco: Marketing Inca Peru for International Consumption Using International Forums to (Try to) Protect National Treasures Alberto Giesecke: A U.S. Salesman for Peru’s Tourism Industry Exhibiting the “Archaeological Capital of South America” in Chile Pablo Neruda in Cuzco: Inca History and Revolutionary Continentalism Conclusions Chapter 7: Museums Actors, Folklore and Popular Art: Displaying and Performing Indigeneity Institutionalising Archaeology and Anthropology Through Museums Performing Authentic Indigeneity Cuzco’s American Institute of Art and Santiago’s Museum of American Popular Art Government Interventions and Avant-Garde Challenges to Indigenista Art Art and Anthropology at the Inter-American Indigenista Congresses Conclusions Part III: Indigeneity and Education: Interlocking Ideals of Salvation Introduction Chapter 8: Expanding the Estado Docente: Modernisation, Nationalism and U.S. Connections Indigenous Demands for Education Shared Official Vocabularies Darío Salas in Chile: Education as Social Progress Alberto Giesecke in Peru: Education as Racial Uplift Arturo Huenchullán: A Mapuche Publicist for the U.S. System Conclusions Chapter 9: Periodical Pathways through the Silence: Race and the “New School” Approach Race as Part of a bigger Social Picture: New School Thinking in Chile’s Revista de Educación The Connection between Race, Class and Education as Told by Mariátegui in Chile Amauta: Narrating Chile as a Model for a Mestizo Continent Amauta and Boletín Titikaka on Education and (Racial) Revolution in Mexico Boletín Titikaka: Pedagogic and Poetic Encounters with Indigeneity Conclusions Chapter 10: A Persistent Pursuit of Schooling: Indigenous Led Education Projects Ezequiel Urviola: Education, Flexible Racial Identity and Social Justice Francisco Chuqiwanka Ayulo: A Thwarted Project of Linguistic Decolonisation Manuel Camacho and Transnational Adventism Manuel Aburto Panguilef, Protestantism and Indigenous Education in Chile Trying to Make Themselves Heard: Mapuche Teachers at the Crossroads of National and Transnational Forums Conclusions Chapter 11: Conferencing Indigenous Education Speaking for Indigenous Education in Pátzcuaro, Mexico Pátzcuaro Resolutions Taken Back to Peru Pátzcuaro Resolutions (Partially) Taken Back to Chile The Chilean Delegation in Cuzco, Peru Conclusions Chapter 12: Conclusion: Roots, Routes, Connections and Threads Roots and Routes Routes and Obstacles Labour, Cultural Heritage, and Education Appendices Appendix A: Timeline—Chile-Peru Relations Appendix B: Timeline—Key Events, Initiatives and Legislative Reforms Selected Bibliography Archives Newspapers, Journals and Magazines Books and Articles Index