Fundamentals of Aerospace Engineering (2nd Edition): An introductory course to aeronautical engineering

Description

The Second Edition of this book includes a revision and an extension of its former version. The book is divided into three parts, namely: Introduction, The Aircraft, and Air Transportation, Airports, and Air Navigation. It also incoporates an appendix with somehow advanced mathematics and computer based exercises. The first part is divided in two chapters in which the student must achieve to understand the basic elements of atmospheric flight (ISA and planetary references) and the technology that apply to the aerospace sector, in particular with a specific comprehension of the elements of an aircraft. The second part focuses on the aircraft and it is divided in five chapters that introduce the student to aircraft aerodynamics (fluid mechanics, airfoils, wings, high-lift devices), aircraft materials and structures, aircraft propulsion, aircraft instruments and systems, and atmospheric flight mechanics (performances and stability and control). The third part is devoted to understand the global air transport system (covering both regulatory and economical frameworks), the airports, and the global air navigation system (its history, current status, and future development). The theoretical contents are illustrated with figures and complemented with some problems/exercises. The course is complemented by a practical approach. Students should be able to apply theoretical knowledge to solve practical cases using academic (but also industrial) software, such as Python and XFLR5. The course also includes a series of assignments to be completed individually or in groups. These tasks comprise an oral presentation, technical reports, scientific papers, problems, etc. The course is supplemented by scientific and industrial seminars, recommended readings, and a visit to an institution or industry related to the study and of interest to the students. All this documentation is not explicitly in the book but can be accessed online at the book's website www.aerospaceengineering.es. The slides of the course are also available at the book's website: http://www.aerospaceengineering.es Fundamentals of Aerospace Engineering is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC BY-SA) 3.0 License, and it is offered in open access both in "pdf" format. The document can be accessed and downloaded at the book's website. This licensing is aligned with a philosophy of sharing and spreading knowledge. Writing and revising over and over this book has been an exhausting, very time consuming activity. To acknowledge author's effort, a donation platform has been activated at the book's website. Preface Acknowledgments List of figures List of tables I Introduction The Scope Engineering Aerospace activity Aviation research agenda Challenges Clean Sky SESAR References Generalities Classification of aerospace vehicles Fixed wing aircraft Rotorcraft Missiles Space vehicles Parts of the aircraft Fuselage Wing Empennage Main control surfaces Propulsion plant Standard atmosphere Hypotheses Fluid-static equation ISA equations Warm and cold atmospheres System references Problems References II The aircraft Aerodynamics Fundamentals of fluid mechanics Generalities Continuity equation Quantity of movement equation Viscosity Speed of sound Airfoils shapes Airfoil nomenclature Generation of aerodynamic forces Aerodynamic dimensionless coefficients Compressibility and drag-divergence Mach number Wing aerodynamics Geometry and nomenclature Flow over a finite wing Lift and induced drag in wings Characteristic curves in wings Aerodynamics of wings in compressible and supersonic regimes High-lift devices Necessity of high-lift devices Types of high-lift devices Increase in CLmax Problems References Aircraft structures Generalities Materials Properties Materials in aircraft Loads Fuselage loads Wing and tail loads Landing gear loads Other loads Structural components of an aircraft Structural elements and functions of the fuselage Structural elements and functions of the wing Tail Landing gear References Aircraft instruments and systems Aircraft instruments Sources of data Instruments requirements Instruments to be installed in an aircraft Instruments layout Aircrafts' cockpits Aircraft systems Electrical system Fuel system Hydraulic system Flight control systems: Fly-By-Wire Air conditioning & pressurisation system Other systems Exercises References Aircraft propulsion The propeller Propeller propulsion equations The jet engine Some aspects about thermodynamics Inlet Compressor Combustion chamber Turbine Nozzles Types of jet engines Turbojets Turbofans Turboprops After-burning turbojet References Mechanics of flight Performances Reference frames Hypotheses Aircraft equations of motion Performances in a steady linear flight Performances in steady ascent and descent flight Performances in gliding Performances in turn maneuvers Performances in the runway Range and endurance Payload-range diagram Stability and control Fundamentals of stability Fundamentals of control Longitudinal balancing Longitudinal stability and control Lateral-directional stability and control Problems References III Air Transportation, Airports, and Air Navigation Air transportation Introduction Definition History Facts and Figures Regulatory framework ICAO IATA The market of aircraft for commercial air transportation Manufacturers in the current market of aircraft Types of aircraft New market of aircraft Airlines' cost strucutre Operational costs Environmental impact Sources of environmental impact Aircraft operations' environmental fingerprint. References Airports Introduction Airport designation and naming The demand of air transportation Airport Planning The master plan Physical environment of the airport Airport configuration Airport description The runway The terminal Airport services Airport operations Air Traffic Management (ATM) services Airport navigational aids Aircraft characteristics related to airport planning Safety management and environment Exercises References Air navigation: ATM Introduction Definition History Air Navigation Services Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) Meteorological Services (MET) Air Traffic Management (ATM) Services Airspace Management (ASM) ATS routes Airspace organization in regions and control centers Restrictions in the airspace Classification of the airspace according to ICAO Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) Air Traffic Services (ATS) ALS and FIS Air Traffic Control Flight plan Coordination of slots Flight Plan Document Navigation charts SESAR concept Exercises References Air navigation: CNS Introduction Communication systems Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS) Aeronautical mobile service Navigation systems Autonomous systems Non autonomous systems Distance Measurement Equipment (DME) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) LORAN-C Non-Directional Beacon (NDB): VOR: MLS Surveillance systems Radar TCAS ADSB Exercises References IV Appendixes 6-DOF Equations of Motion Reference frames Orientation between reference frames Wind axes-Local horizon orientation Body axed-Wind axes orientation General equations of motion Dynamic relations Forces acting on an aircraft Point mass model Dynamic relations Mass relations Kinematic relations Angular kinematic relations General differential equations system References Hands-on Laboratories Aerodynamics - Airfoil design Overview of XFLR5 Airfoil design exercise Proposed solution Flight Mechanics - Aircraft motion Overview of BADA Overview of Python Aircraft motion exercise Proposed solution Flight Plan analysis Overview of Nest Part I: Flight Planning Part II: Nest analysis Proposed solution References Index