Innovations in Thermochemical Technologies for Biofuel Processing

Description

Innovations in Thermochemical Technologies for Biofuel Processing broadly covers current technologies in alternate fuels and chemical production, a few of which include biomass-to-liquid, biomass-to-gas and gas-to-liquid biomass conversion technologies. The topics in this book include elaborative discussions on biomass feedstocks, biomass-to-liquid technologies (liquefaction, pyrolysis and transesterification), biomass-to-gas technologies (gasification), gas-to-liquid technologies (syngas fermentation and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), co-processing technologies, fuel upgrading technologies (hydrotreating and reforming), novel catalyst development for biorefining, biorefining process optimization, unit operations, reaction kinetics, artificial neural network, and much more. The book comprehensively discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of notable biofuels (e.g., bio-oil, biocrude oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, bio-jet fuels, biohydrogen, biomethane, synthesis gas, hydrocarbon fuels, etc.). Front cover Half title Title Copyright Contents Contributors Editors biographies Preface Chapter 1 Thermochemical conversion of organic waste: New horizons for production of green energy 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Green energy from organic wastes 1.3 Waste organic biomass 1.4 Thermochemical biomass conversion technologies 1.4.1 Torrefaction 1.4.2 Pyrolysis 1.4.3 Gasification 1.5 Hydrothermal biomass conversion technologies 1.5.1 Hydrothermal carbonization 1.5.2 Hydrothermal liquefaction 1.5.3 Hydrothermal gasification 1.6 Current challenges and future prospects 1.7 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Progress in biomass fast pyrolysis: An outlook of modern experimental approaches 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Modern approaches in fast pyrolysis of biomass 2.2.1 Advanced experimental techniques in fast pyrolysis of biomass 2.2.2 Effect of heat transfer on pyrolysis reactions 2.3 Effect of catalysts in isothermal fast pyrolysis of biomass 2.3.1 Effect of naturally occurring metal ions 2.3.2 Effect of the commercial catalyst 2.3.3 Shape selectivity of zeolites 2.3.4 Acidity of zeolites 2.3.5 Mesopores nature of zeolite (via soft, hard, and green templates) 2.3.6 Metal oxides 2.3.7 Other catalysts 2.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Production of solid and liquid fuels for energy applications via pyrolysis of biomass 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Solid fuel from biomass pyrolysis 3.3 Liquid fuel from biomass pyrolysis 3.4 Pretreatment methods in bio-oil production 3.4.1 Physical methods 3.4.2 Thermal methods 3.4.3 Chemical methods 3.4.4 Catalytic methods 3.5 Economic feasibility of bio-oil utilization in the production of biodiesel 3.6 Bibliometric analysis 3.6.1 Solid fuel from biomass 3.6.2 Bibliometric analysis of biodiesel production 3.7 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Pyrolytic valorization of an invasive crop (Phragmites) to high-value biofuels and bioproducts 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lignocellulosic biomass 4.3 Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass 4.3.1 Pyrolysis of cellulose 4.3.2 Pyrolysis of hemicellulose 4.3.3 Pyrolysis of lignin 4.4 Effect of inorganics on pyrolysis reactions 4.5 Reactor technologies 4.5.1 Fast pyrolysis 4.5.2 Slow pyrolysis 4.5.3 Condensation trains 4.6 Market and value-added products 4.7 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 State-of-the-art practices to upgrade biomass fast pyrolysis derived bio-oil 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of newer techniques for bio-oil upgrading 5.2.1 Emulsification of bio-oil 5.2.2 Copyrolysis of biomass with polymers 5.2.3 Esterification of bio-oil 5.2.4 Ketonization of bio-oil 5.2.5 Hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oil compounds 5.3 Progress in computational or theoretical approach 5.4 Case study for using process simulation approach to study the upgrading of pyrolysis bio-oil: ASPEN simulation 5.5 Advancement on the biomass pyrolysis using machine-learning and data-driven approaches 5.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Biofuel production with integrated pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading system 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mechanism of biomass pyrolysis 6.3 Catalytic pyrolysis of solid biomass 6.4 Catalyst design for catalytic pyrolysis of solid biomass 6.5 Experimental and pilot studies in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass 6.6 Catalytic pyrolysis of waste oil 6.7 Catalyst design for catalytic pyrolysis of waste oil 6.7.1 Zeolite catalysts 6.7.2 Metal and metal oxide catalysts 6.7.3 Metal phosphide metal carbides and metal sulfides 6.8 Reactor design and process intensification for catalytic pyrolysis of waste oil 6.9 Conclusions References Chapter 7 Thermochemical valorization of oil palm biomass to value-added products: A biorefinery concept 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Oil palm biomass 7.2.1 Oil palm kernel shell 7.2.2 Empty fruit bunches 7.2.3 Oil palm fronds, leaf, and leaf rib 7.2.4 Oil palm trunks 7.2.5 Palm oil mill effluent 7.2.6 Oil palm mesocarp fibers 7.3 Overview of thermochemical valorization of oil palm biomass 7.3.1 Pyrolysis of oil palm biomass 7.3.2 Gasification of oil palm biomass 7.3.3 Steam reforming of oil palm biomass 7.3.4 Hydrothermal valorization of biomass 7.4 Biorefinery concept for the valorization of oil palm biomass 7.5 Industrial applications of the various products from the thermochemical valorization of oil palm biomass 7.5.1 Activated carbon 7.5.2 Syngas and other gaseous products 7.5.3 Bio-oil 7.6 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Vegetable oil-based feedstocks for biofuel production: Physicochemical properties and chemical compositions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Bioethanol feedstocks 8.3 Biodiesel and green fuel feedstocks 8.3.1 Edible oil feedstocks 8.3.2 Nonedible oil feedstocks 8.4 Conclusions References Chapter 9 Advanced biofuels: Deoxygenation and hydrodeoxygenation catalytic reaction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Generation of biofuel 9.3 Advanced biofuel: Potential feedstock and production technologies 9.4 Development and current status of hydrodeoxygenation and deoxygenation 9.5 Role of catalyst in hydrodeoxygenation and deoxygenation 9.6 Types of advanced biofuels 9.7 Conclusions References Chapter 10 Recent progress in biomass air gasification using moving and fixed bed gasifiers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Air gasification using moving bed gasifiers 10.3 Air gasification via bubbling fluidized bed gasifier 10.4 Air gasification via entrained flow gasifier 10.5 Air gasification via circulating and dual fluidized bed gasifier 10.6 Air gasification using fixed bed gasifiers 10.7 Air gasification via updraft gasifier 10.8 Air gasification via downdraft gasifier 10.9 Air gasification via cross draft gasifier 10.10 Air gasification using a thermogravimetric analyzer 10.11 Conclusions References Chapter 11 Hydrothermal gasification of biomass for hydrogen production: Advances, challenges, and prospects 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biomass as a bioresource for hydrogen production 11.2.1 Calorific value 11.2.2 Moisture content 11.2.3 Alkali metal content 11.2.4 Lignin/cellulose ratio 11.2.5 Ash content 11.2.6 Volatile matter and fixed carbon 11.3 Hydrogen production from biomass 11.3.1 Fermentation 11.3.2 Gasification 11.3.3 Photocatalytic reforming of the aqueous phase from hydrothermal liquefaction 11.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 Combination of atmospheric pressure plasma with catalysts for dry reforming of methane to value-added chemicals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nonthermal plasma catalysis 12.3 Plasma-catalyst interaction 12.3.1 Effects of catalyst on plasma generation 12.3.2 Effect of plasma on catalyst characteristics 12.3.3 Mechanism and synergism of plasma catalysis for dry reforming of methane 12.4 CH4–CO2 conversion to synthesis gas using plasma and catalyst 12.4.1 Methodology 12.4.2 Dielectric barrier discharge and catalysts 12.4.3 Corona discharge and catalysts 12.4.4 Atmospheric pressure glow discharge and catalyst 12.4.5 Arc plasma and catalysts 12.4.6 Summary 12.5 Direct one-step CO2CH4 conversion to liquid fuel using plasma and catalyst 12.6 Conclusions References Index Back cover