Camp Life of Sri Lankan Refugees in India

Description

This book looks at the mass migration of refugees into India during the Sri Lankan civil war, the lives of the displaced people in refugee camps and the politics around the issue. It analyses the citizenship policies in India and the social, economic, psychological, political and legal implications of the laws on the lives of Tamil refugees. Further, it examines the protracted refugee situations in other parts of the globe to build a comparative case study of the Sri Lankan refugees. It delves into the stories and lives of these people in their home country before the war, the crisis and trauma of war and the experience of living in refugee camps. The role played by the state government of Tamil Nadu, the Indian government and NGOs towards the protection of these refugees and state of facilities for health, safety, education, among others, in the camps is explored. Finally, the possibility of integration and solutions like voluntary repatriation or the granting of citizenship for the people living in these camps are explored, This book will be a useful resource for scholars and researchers of refugee and border studies, human rights, political studies, international relations, political sociology, peace and conflict studies, war and strategic studies, and South Asian studies. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Chapter 1: Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka under the new CAA and the politics around the issue in relation to Tamil Nadu 1.1 Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka under the new CAA 1.1.1 Citizenship by birth (sec 3, sub-sec 2) 1.1.2 Citizenship by descent (sec 4) 1.1.3 Citizenship by registration (sec 5) – extended residence in India 1.1.4 Citizenship by naturalisation (sec 6) 1.1.5 Citizenship by incorporation of territory (sec 7) 1.2 The politics around the issue of CAA in relation to Tamil Nadu, India 1.3 Chapter outlines Chapter 2: Camp life of Sri Lankan refugees in India 2.1 Context 2.2 Idea of camp life 2.2.1 Refugees living in camps 2.2.1.1 Government assistance 2.2.1.2 Rice 2.2.1.3 Clothing materials 2.2.1.4 Utensils 2.2.1.5 Welfare schemes towards refugee health management 2.2.2 Recognised refugees outside camps 2.2.3 Sri Lankan nationals 2.2.4 Sri Lankan nationals and refugees, who are identified as militants 2.2.4.1 Quarantine in Mandapam Camp and special camps elsewhere 2.3 Concept of refugee camp 2.3.1 What is a “refugee camp”? 2.3.2 The understanding of a refugee camp 2.3.3 Anatomy of a refugee camp 2.4 Notion of refugee – who is a refugee? 2.4.1 Under international law 2.4.2 Geneva Convention 2.5 Key terms used to denote refugees 2.5.1 Boat people 2.5.2 Yacht people 2.5.3 Internally displaced persons 2.5.4 Asylum seekers 2.6 Central argument of the book 2.6.1 International perspective 2.6.2 Pioneering study in South Asia, especially India 2.6.3 India as a non-signatory to the 1951 Geneva Convention 2.6.4 Approach to handling protracted refugee situation amidst huge population: maintenance of refugee camps 2.6.5 Citizenship issues – illegal migrants/stateless persons 2.7 Refugee population in Tamil Nadu, India 2.8 Methodology 2.8.1 Hypotheses 2.8.2 Operational definition 2.8.3 Area profile 2.8.4 Camps: urban camps 2.8.4.1 Gummidipoondi (hut-type camp on government land) 2.8.5 Bhavanisagar (hut-type camp on government land near a dam) 2.8.6 Naranammalpuram (ex-servicemen building, godown nature) 2.8.7 Kottapattu camp (transit) 2.8.8 Primary health centre and sanitation 2.8.9 Rural camps 2.8.9.1 Chinnapallikuppam (government land huts) 2.8.9.2 Mettupatti (government land huts) 2.8.9.3 Lena Vilakku (government land) 2.8.9.4 Sevalur (prohibited land) 2.8.10 Research design 2.8.11 Sampling design and methods 2.8.12 Sources of data 2.8.13 Data tools 2.8.14 Statistical tools 2.8.15 Pilot study 2.8.16 Significance 2.8.17 Limitations Chapter 3: A historical perspective on refugee crisis at global level: Formation of refugee groups, and protracted refugee situation 3.1 Refugee crisis at global level: a historical perspective 3.1.1 First wave of migration 3.1.2 Second wave of migration 3.1.3 Third wave of migration 3.1.4 Fourth wave of migration 3.1.5 Fifth wave of migration 3.2 Formation of refugee groups in human history 3.2.1 Huguenot refugees 3.2.2 Armenian refugees (during Armenian genocide) 3.2.3 Jewish refugees (Jewish diaspora during the Second World War) 3.2.4 Bengali refugees (in India during 1971) 3.2.5 Indochinese refugees (boat people) 3.3 Protracted refugee situation (PRS) at global level 3.3.1 The nature of the protracted situation 3.3.2 Trends in protracted refugee situations Chapter 4: Causes of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, peace accords, Partition and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971: A comparative perspective to the Sri Lankan refugees 4.1 Causes of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka (before independence) 4.1.1 Pre-colonial era 4.1.2 Colonial rule 4.2 Causes for ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka (after independence) 4.2.1 Ceylon Citizenship Act 1948 4.2.2 The Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act 1949 and the (Parliamentary Elections) Amendment Act 1949 4.2.3 The Sinhala Only Act 1956 4.2.4 The Policy of Standardisation in 1972 4.2.5 Devolution of power 4.3 Tamil militancy 4.3.1 First war, 1983 (Clarance William) 4.3.2 Second war, 1990 4.3.3 Third war, 1994 4.4 Peace accords 4.4.1 The Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact 1957 4.4.2 The Senanayake–Chelvanayakam Pact 1965 4.4.3 Thimpu Talks 1985 in Bhutan 4.4.4 The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord 1987 4.4.5 Ceasefire Agreement 2002 4.4.6 Cessation of war, 2008–2009 4.5 The Partition and Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971: a comparative perspective to the Sri Lankan refugees 4.5.1 The Partition 4.5.2 Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 4.6 A comparative perspective to the Sri Lankan refugees 4.6.1 Citizenship Act 1948 4.6.2 Language policy rule 4.6.3 Different commissions 4.6.4 Geographical territory 4.6.5 Nature of camps Chapter 5: Socio-economic dimensions: An empirical analysis with a relevant conceptual model 5.1 Conceptual model 5.1.1 Macro theories 5.1.2 Meso theories 5.1.3 Micro theories 5.2 Empirical analysis 5.2.1 General profile of the respondents 5.2.1.1 Second phase: 1990 onwards 5.2.2 Life in home country – Sri Lanka 5.2.2.1 Two-way ANOVA test 5.2.3 Life in crisis/transition 5.2.3.1 Introduction 5.2.4 Refugee camp life in the host country, India, Tamil Nadu 5.2.4.1 Economic dimension 5.2.4.2 Formulated hypothesis – 1 5.2.4.3 Formulated hypothesis – 2 5.2.4.4 Test used – one-way ANOVA 5.2.4.5 Formulated hypothesis – 3 5.2.4.6 Test used: one-way ANOVA 5.2.4.7 Social dimensions 5.2.4.8 Formulated hypothesis – 4 5.2.4.9 Test used – Chi-square 5.2.4.10 Playground facility in camps 5.2.4.11 Burial ground/graveyard facility in camps 5.2.4.12 Performing religious activities in camps 5.2.4.13 Fire breakouts in camps 5.2.4.14 Exogamy 5.2.4.15 With Indians 5.2.4.16 Suicide 5.2.4.17 Formulated hypothesis – 5 5.2.4.18 Formulated hypothesis – 6 5.2.4.19 Duncan post hoc test 5.2.5 Formulated hypothesis – 7 Chapter 6: Psychological-mental health dimensions: An empirical analysis 6.1 Physical health problems relating to physical ailments: common and rare diseases found in the camps 6.1.1 Friedman test 6.1.2 Formulated hypothesis – 8 6.2 Psychological and mental health dimensional issues 6.2.1 Depression 6.2.2 Deterioration 6.2.3 Dependency 6.2.4 Family separations 6.2.5 Isolation and loneliness 6.2.6 Formulated hypothesis – 9 6.2.7 Formulated hypothesis – 10 6.2.8 Formulated hypothesis – 11 Chapter 7: Political and legal dimensions: An empirical analysis 7.1 Political dimension 7.2 Housing in developed countries 7.2.1 United Kingdom 7.2.2 European Union countries 7.2.3 Canada 7.2.4 Australia 7.2.5 United States of America 7.3 An empirical analysis on temporary-built housing in refugee camps in Tamil Nadu 7.3.1 Physical setting of the camp 7.3.2 Education and employment of children 7.3.3 Benefits extended to school children by TN government 7.3.4 Job opportunities after their children’s studies 7.3.5 Professional education 7.3.6 Camp administration/security concerns 7.3.7 Taking attendance 7.4 Legal concerns Chapter 8: Future durable solutions/repatriation dimensions 8.1 Displacements and returns: steps in the movement 8.2 Repatriation and durable solutions 8.3 Local integration: benefits and obstacles 8.3.1 Steps in the movement: repatriation 8.4 Policy level 8.5 Future integration 8.5.1 Unable to make a decision 8.5.2 Future is at stake 8.5.3 Expectation of peace in Sri Lanka 8.5.4 Repatriation Chapter 9: The role of NGOs/INGOs 9.1 Jesuit Refugee Service Conclusion Bibliography Documents Website Resources Annexure A Annexure B: Rehabilitation department – at a glance Index