Diverse Hydrogen Sources for Biomass-derivatives Conversion: Reaction and Mechanism

Description

The book covers advances in conversion of biomass and derivatives into useful chemicals and fuels. It describes our recent researches relating to the hydrogenation of biomass derivatives by diverse hydrogen sources such as water, isopropanol, gaseous hydrogen and NaBH4 as well as their interesting mechanism aspects. A wide range of biomass derivatives and some novel hydrogenation processes are involved in this book. Development strategies and challenges in future research are also discussed. This book will help readers to expand their knowledge of biomass and its derivatives conversion. Preface Contents About the Author Part I Gaseous Hydrogen as Hydrogen Source 1 Selective Hydrogenation of Levulinate Esters to 1,4-Pentanediol Using a Ternary Skeletal CuAlZn Catalyst 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Experimental 1.2.1 Experimental Materials 1.2.2 Catalyst Preparation and Characterization 1.2.3 Typical Experiment and Product Analysis 1.3 Results and Discussion 1.4 Conclusions References Part II Isopropanol as Hydrogen Source 2 Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Levulinate Ester into γ-Valerolactone Over Ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental 2.2.1 Experimental Materials 2.2.2 Catalyst Preparation 2.2.3 Catalyst Characterization 2.2.4 Typical Experiment and Product Analysis 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.3.1 Catalysts Characterization 2.3.2 Catalytic Activity of Various Catalysts for the EL Conversion 2.3.3 The Effect of the Various Parameters 2.3.4 Reusability of the CZA-3 Catalyst 2.3.5 Scopes of H-Donors and Raw Materials 2.3.6 The Proposed Mechanism of CTH Reaction of EL Over CZA-3 2.4 Conclusions References 3 Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Ethyl Levulinate into γ-Valerolactone Over Air-Stable Skeletal Cobalt Catalyst 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Experimental 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.2 Pretreated Process for SCo 3.2.3 Catalyst Characterization 3.2.4 Experimental Procedures 3.3 Results and Discussion 3.3.1 Characterizations of Fresh-SCo, V-SCo, A-SCo and S-SCo 3.3.2 Catalysts Performance for the EL Conversion 3.3.3 The Effect of Various Parameters 3.4 The Availability of Air-Pretreated Process and the Stability of SCo Catalytic Activity 3.5 The Mechanism of EL CTH Process Over A-SCo 3.6 Conclusions References 4 Boosting In-Situ Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids Over a Fine and Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich NiAl Catalyst 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Experimental Materials 4.2.2 Catalyst Preparation 4.2.3 Typical Experiment and Product Analysis 4.2.4 Density Functional Theory Calculations 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterizations 4.4 Conclusions References Part III Water as Hydrogen Source 5 Chemoselective Synthesis of Propionic Acid from Biomass and Lactic Acid Over a Cobalt Catalyst in Aqueous Media 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Materials 5.2.2 Experimental Procedure 5.2.3 Products Analysis 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.3.1 Catalyst Screening 5.3.2 Effect of Reductant on the Yield of PA 5.3.3 Influence of Parameters on the Conversion of LA 5.3.4 Recyclability of Co Catalyst 5.3.5 Role of in Situ ZnO 5.3.6 Scope of Biomass Carbohydrates for PA Production 5.4 Conclusions References 6 A Novel Approach for 1,2-Propylene Glycol Production from Biomass-Derived Lactic Acid 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material and Methods 6.2.1 General Information 6.2.2 Product Analysis 6.2.3 Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2-Propylene Glycol from Lactic Acid 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Catalyst Screening 6.3.2 Optimization of Reductants 6.3.3 Effect of Various Parameters 6.3.4 Investigation of Gases Hydrogen 6.4 Mechanism 6.5 Conclusions References 7 Catalytic Conversion of Ethyl Lactate to 1,2-Propanediol Over CuO 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental 7.2.1 Experimental Materials 7.2.2 Experimental Procedure 7.2.3 Product Analysis 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Catalyst Screening 7.3.2 The Optimization of the Various Parameters 7.3.3 The Formation of 1,2-PDO from Ethyl Lactate Using Gaseous Hydrogen 7.3.4 Mechanistic Studies 7.4 Conclusions References 8 Highly Selective Hydrothermal Production of Cyclohexanol from Biomass-Derived Cyclohexanone Over Cu Powder 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Experimental 8.2.1 Experimental Materials 8.2.2 Experimental Procedure 8.2.3 Product Analysis 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Catalyst Screening 8.3.2 Optimization of Active Metals 8.3.3 Effects of the Various Parameters 8.3.4 Cyclohexanone Hydrogenation by Added Hydrogen 8.3.5 Plausible Mechanism 8.4 Conclusions References 9 Efficient Conversion of Dimethyl Phthalate to Phthalide Over CuO in Aqueous Media 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Experimental 9.2.1 Experimental Materials 9.2.2 Experimental Procedure 9.2.3 Product Analysis 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 Catalyst Screening 9.3.2 Effect of the Reductants 9.3.3 Effect of Other Parameters 9.3.4 Investigation of Gases Hydrogen 9.4 Mechanism Study 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Heterogeneous Cu2O-Mediated Ethylene Glycol Production from Dimethyl Oxalate 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Experimental 10.2.1 Materials and Methods 10.3 Results and Discussion 10.3.1 Metals or Metal Oxides Screening 10.3.2 Effect of Reductant 10.3.3 Effects of Water Filling, Reaction Temperature and Time 10.3.4 Investigation of Active Species 10.3.5 Recycle of Cu Formed in Situ 10.3.6 Mass Balance 10.4 Proposed Mechanism 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Highly Efficient Conversion of Biomass-Derived Glycolide to Ethylene Glycol Over CuO in Water 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Experimental 11.2.1 General Information 11.2.2 Product Analysis 11.2.3 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol from Glycolide 11.2.4 General Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,2-Propanediol from DL-Lactide 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.4 Conclusions References Part IV Sodium Borohydride as Hydrogen Source 12 A Supported Ni Catalyst Produced from Ni–Al Hydrotalcite-Like Precursor for Reduction of Furfuryl Alcohol to Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol by NaBH4 in Water 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Results and Discussion 12.3 Conclusions References