Mistakes, Errors And Failures Across Cultures: Navigating Potentials

Description

This volume provides comprehensible, strength-based perspectives on contemporary research and practice related to navigating mistakes, errors and failures across cultures. It addresses these concepts across cultural contexts and explores any or all of these three concepts from a positive psychology or positive organisational perspective, highlighting their potential as resources. The volume further discusses the consequences of errors and failures at individual, organisational and societal levels, ranging from severe personal problems to organisational and collective crises, perspectives how those can be turned into opportunities for contingent and sustainable improvement processes. The book shows that there are significant cultural differences in the understanding, interpretation and handling of errors and failures. This volume provides practical guidance for transcultural understanding of mistakes, errors and failure through new models, ideas for self-reflection, therapeutic and counselling interventions and organisational change management processes. This book is a must for researchers and practitioners working on mistakes, errors and failures across cultures and disciplines! Foreword......Page 5 Acknowledgments......Page 8 Contents......Page 9 About the Editors......Page 13 Contributors......Page 14 Chapter 1: “There Is a Crack in Everything. That’s How the Light Gets in”: An Introduction to Mistakes, Errors and Failure as Resources......Page 17 1.1 Introduction......Page 18 1.2 Defining Mistake, Error and Failure......Page 19 1.2.1 Defining Mistake from an Interdisciplinary Perspective......Page 20 1.2.2 Defining Error from an Interdisciplinary Perspective......Page 23 1.2.3 Defining Failure from an Interdisciplinary Perspective......Page 29 1.3 Dealing with and Attitude Towards Mistakes, Errors and Failure......Page 34 1.4 Mistakes, Errors and Failure in the Context of Positive and Optimal Functioning Research......Page 37 1.5.1 Differences in the Understanding of Failure in the Economic Context of Japan, the USA and Germany......Page 39 1.5.2 Cultural Context and Differences in the Understanding of Failure Using the Example of Chinese and Western Cultures......Page 43 1.5.3 Cultural Dimensions as Relevant Factors for Error Understanding and Management......Page 44 1.5.4 Cultural and Organisational Factors as Relevant Factors Influencing Each Other in Dealing with Errors......Page 46 1.5.5 Differences in Safety Culture and Risk Perception and Their Effects Using the Example of Latin American and Non-Latin Construction Workers in the USA......Page 47 1.6 The Contribution of This Book: Introducing the Content......Page 50 References......Page 57 Part I: Individual and Cultural Perspectives on Mistakes, Errors and Failure......Page 64 Chapter 2: “Ever Tried. Ever Failed. No Matter. Try Again. Fail Again. Fail Better”. Life Crisis and Failure as a Resource......Page 65 2.2 Definition of Life Crisis......Page 66 2.3 Impact of Life Crisis on Health......Page 68 2.4 Impacts of Stressful or Critical Life Events on Perception as Mistakes or Failures......Page 70 2.5 Case Studies......Page 71 2.5.1 Case Study 1: Divorce and Job Loss as Catalyst for a Life Crisis......Page 72 2.5.2 Case Study 2: Health Restrictions as a Trigger for a Life Crisis......Page 74 2.5.3 Case Study 3: Migration and Perceived Educational Deficits as Factors Triggering a Life Crisis......Page 76 2.5.4 Case Study 4: Flight, Migration and Loss of Loved Ones as Causative Factors for a Life Crisis......Page 79 2.6 Discussion......Page 80 2.7 Conclusion......Page 81 2.8 Need for Future Research......Page 82 References......Page 83 Chapter 3: Communication About Communication in Love Letters: Addressing and Avoiding Failures, Mistakes, and Errors in Written Communication......Page 88 3.1 Introduction......Page 89 3.2.1 Sample......Page 90 3.2.2 Research Analysis Methodology......Page 91 3.2.3 Study Limitations......Page 92 3.3.1 Writing Is Harder than Talking......Page 93 3.3.2 Correcting Misunderstanding......Page 94 3.3.3 Correspondence Gaps......Page 95 3.3.7 Other Explanations of Correspondence Gaps......Page 96 3.3.8 Thanks for Writing......Page 97 3.5 Conclusion......Page 98 3.6 Directions for Future Research......Page 99 References......Page 100 Chapter 4: Steely Dan’s Donald Fagen: A Case of Mistaken Self-Identity, Corrected by Self-Reformulation......Page 103 4.1 Introduction......Page 104 4.2.1 Bohemianism......Page 105 4.2.2 Post-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 107 4.3 Methodology......Page 108 4.4.1 Childhood and Adolescence (1948–1967)......Page 109 4.4.2 Early Strivings to Early Dan (1967–1977)......Page 110 4.4.3 Apex to Nadir (1977–1993)......Page 112 4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research......Page 114 References......Page 116 Part II: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Society......Page 120 5.1 Introduction......Page 121 5.2 Mistakes and Errors in Gerontological Research......Page 122 5.2.2 Social Desirability Bias......Page 123 5.2.3 Acquiescence Bias......Page 124 5.2.4 Central Tendency Bias......Page 125 5.3.1 Culturally Diverse Meanings in Interventions......Page 126 5.3.2 Transcultural Differences in Policies......Page 127 5.3.3 Format Challenges for Interventions and Policies......Page 128 5.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives......Page 130 References......Page 132 6.1 Introduction......Page 136 6.2 Contouring ‘Dirty’ Work......Page 138 6.3 Stigma and Queer Work......Page 143 6.4 The Research Project......Page 145 6.5.1 Biography......Page 146 6.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Chris......Page 147 6.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Kieran......Page 150 6.6 Conclusion......Page 152 References......Page 153 Chapter 7: Qualities of Communication Failures in Hierarchical Relationships: A Theoretical Model for Conflict Prevention......Page 156 7.2.1 Communication and Communication Failures......Page 157 7.2.2 Appraisal, Stress, Emotion and Failing Communication......Page 158 7.2.3 Hierarchical Social Relationships......Page 159 7.2.3.1 Characteristics of the Major–Minor Relationship......Page 160 7.2.4 Theoretical Background in Attribution Theory and Cognitive Biases......Page 163 7.2.5 Coping in Hierarchical Relationships......Page 164 7.3 A Model of the Qualities of Communication Failures in Major–Minor Relationships......Page 165 References......Page 169 Chapter 8: On Being “Outside the Box” or Being “Inside”: Intercultural Communication, Relationship-Building and Identity Ascription Failures......Page 172 8.1 Introduction......Page 173 8.2 Erroneous Identity Ascriptions, Power and Failure of Intercultural Relationships......Page 175 8.4 Case Presentation......Page 177 8.4.2 Organisational Context and Interactions......Page 178 8.4.3 Individual Interactions at the Pool......Page 179 8.5 A Question of Belonging and the Failure of Erroneous Identity Ascriptions......Page 180 8.6 Intercultural Communication: The Failure of Relationship-Building......Page 181 8.7 Access and Exclusion: Failure in Reframing New Boxes......Page 183 8.8 Conclusions......Page 185 8.9 Transforming Failure in Intercultural Communication and Relationship-Building Through Erroneous Identity Ascriptions......Page 186 8.10 Recommendations......Page 187 References......Page 188 9.1 Introduction......Page 191 9.2 Scholarly Interpretations......Page 192 9.3 Gorbachev’s Reform Agenda......Page 193 9.4 The Reform Pace Quickens......Page 195 9.5 The Cross-Pressure Increases......Page 197 9.6 The Conservative Turn......Page 198 9.7 The August Coup Attempt......Page 199 9.8 The Burden of the Past......Page 200 9.9 The Mistakes and Failures......Page 202 9.10 Epilogue......Page 203 References......Page 204 Part III: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Organisations......Page 207 Chapter 10: Practical Examples of Handling Mistakes at Work in Different Cultures......Page 208 10.1 Introduction......Page 209 10.2 If at First You Don’t Succeed......Page 211 10.3 Was the Mistake Caused by a Faulty Process?......Page 213 10.4 Never Exclude Anyone......Page 215 10.5 My Friends Can Make Mistakes......Page 216 10.6 Is This a Mistake or an Error?......Page 218 10.7 Contingency Rules......Page 220 10.8 Avoiding Mistakes Through Rituals......Page 221 10.9 Conclusion......Page 223 References......Page 224 Chapter 11: A Systems Psychodynamic Perspective on Conflict and Failure at Work......Page 226 11.1 Introduction......Page 227 11.2.1 Systems Psychodynamics and Group Relations......Page 228 11.2.2 Conflict and Systems Psychodynamics......Page 230 11.2.3 Research Methodology......Page 231 11.2.4.1 The Love for Germany and a German Girlfriend......Page 232 11.2.4.2 Terrorism......Page 236 11.3 Conclusions......Page 238 References......Page 239 Chapter 12: Resilience to Emotional Distress in Response to Failure, Error or Mistakes: A Positive Psychology Review......Page 243 12.2.1 Fear......Page 244 12.2.2 Fear in the Workplace......Page 246 12.2.3 Fear of Failure......Page 247 12.2.4 How to Recover from Failure, Error or Mistakes......Page 248 12.3 Positive Psychology......Page 249 12.4 Resilience......Page 250 12.4.1 Conceptualisation of Resilience......Page 251 12.4.2 Resilience-Based Approaches......Page 253 12.5 The Bi-dimensional Framework (BDF) for Resilience Research......Page 254 12.6.1.1 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy......Page 255 12.6.1.2.1 Building Mental Toughness......Page 256 12.6.1.2.3 Building Strong Relationships......Page 257 12.6.3 Resilience-Building Interventions on Organisational Level......Page 258 12.7 Chapter Summary......Page 259 References......Page 260 Chapter 13: Errors and Failures in European Banking: A Cultural Perspective......Page 265 13.1 Introduction......Page 266 13.2 Conduct Risk Plays a Central Role in the Current Debate on Financial Systems Stability and Efficiency......Page 267 13.3 At the Root of Misconduct, There Are Errors and Inadequacies in Individual and Organization Behaviours, as well as in Policies, Practices and Management Procedures......Page 269 13.4 Errors’ Comprehension and Management Framework Is Represented by Risk Culture......Page 270 13.5 National Cultures Influence Organizations’ Error Perception and Reaction to It......Page 273 13.6 Errors Do Not Depend Only on the People Who Make or Allow Them but also on the Cultural and Organizational Contexts Where They Occur......Page 274 13.7 Inside an Organization, There Might Be Different Risk Cultures Which Underlie Widely Differing Errors Philosophy......Page 276 13.8 Do Errors and Inadequacies Affect Banks’ Reputation?......Page 278 13.9 Control Authorities Make Mistakes Too......Page 279 13.10 Errors’ Management Requires a Multidisciplinary Approach......Page 281 13.11 Good Error Management Practices Could Represent an Efficient and Effective Management Tool......Page 282 References......Page 283 Chapter 14: Turning Bicultural Critical Incidents into Inclusive Bicultural Identities and Organizations in US Subsidiaries in Japan......Page 287 14.1 Introduction......Page 288 14.2.1 Respect, Trust, and Transformative Identity Development in Bicultural Businesses......Page 289 14.2.2 Learning from Mistakes, Errors, and Failures in Bicultural Organizations......Page 291 14.2.4 Intercultural Communication Competency Applied in Bicultural Organizations......Page 292 14.2.5 Japanese and US Cultural Analysis Models and Materials......Page 293 14.3.1 Data Criteria for Selection of CI......Page 294 14.4.1 Leadership and Managerial Roles: “Yankee Go Home!”......Page 295 14.4.2 Motivating Local Employees: “Reward the Best Salesman as a Team Role Model”......Page 296 14.4.3 Japanese and American Communication Styles: “I can’t stand that ‘tatemae’!”......Page 297 14.5.1 Discussion......Page 298 14.7 Conclusion......Page 300 References......Page 301 Chapter 15: Error-Culture in Value-Based Organizations: A Christian Perspective......Page 305 15.1 Introduction......Page 306 15.2 Focus on Mistakes......Page 307 15.3 Focus on Value-Based Organizations......Page 309 15.5 Human Dignity and Limits as a Point of View......Page 310 15.6 Focus on Responsibility......Page 312 15.7 Focus on Justice and Mercy......Page 313 15.8 Principles of Christian Mistakes-Culture......Page 316 15.9 Conclusion......Page 317 References......Page 318 Chapter 16: Institutional Moral Failure: Emotional Intelligence and Practical Reason Serving Justice......Page 320 16.2 Culture......Page 321 16.4 Social Sin and Structural Evil......Page 323 16.5 Emotional Intelligence and Practical Reason......Page 324 16.6 Historical Context......Page 326 16.6.1 Learning from Human Sciences About Shame......Page 327 16.6.2 Learning in the Past: Human Rights......Page 328 16.6.3 Learning in the Present: Victims......Page 329 16.6.4 Learning from the Christian Tradition......Page 330 16.7 Cultural Change and Hope......Page 331 References......Page 332 Chapter 17: Against Forgetting Serious Mistakes, Errors and Failures: The Long Learning Process of the Catholic Church in Germany in Dealing with Sexual Abuse of Minors and Vulnerable Adults......Page 334 17.1 Starting Point: One Could Have Known......Page 335 17.2 Loss of Confidence......Page 336 17.3 Specific Risk and Structural Characteristics of the Church......Page 337 17.3.1.1 Cultural Violence......Page 338 17.3.3 Coalitions, Loyalties and Dependencies......Page 339 17.5 Missing Liability......Page 341 17.6 It Is a Mistake That…......Page 342 17.7.1 Listening Is a Leadership Issue......Page 344 17.7.2 Listening Is a Theme of Faith......Page 345 17.8 Conclusion......Page 346 References......Page 347 Part IV: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Education......Page 350 Chapter 18: Failures, Errors, and Mistakes: A Systematic Review of the Literature......Page 351 18.2 The State of Failure Use......Page 352 18.3 The State of Failure Definitions......Page 353 18.4.1 Search Process and Criteria......Page 354 18.4.2 Data Analysis......Page 355 18.4.4 Results......Page 356 18.4.5 Our Research......Page 359 18.5 Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 362 References......Page 363 Chapter 19: Low-Socioeconomic Status Students Turn Their Academic Failure to Success: A Synthesis of Qualitative Research......Page 367 19.1 Introduction......Page 368 19.2 Literature Review......Page 369 19.3.1 Data Collection......Page 371 19.4 Results......Page 372 19.4.1.1.2 School Support......Page 373 19.4.1.1.3 Community Support......Page 374 19.4.1.2.2 Motivation from Outside Sources......Page 375 19.4.1.2.3 Overcoming Negative Influence from Others......Page 376 19.4.1.3.1 Time Management......Page 377 19.5.1 Supportive Influence from Others......Page 378 19.5.2 Motivation......Page 380 19.5.3 Learning Strategies......Page 381 19.5.4 Academic Failure Turned into Success......Page 382 19.7 Conclusion......Page 383 References......Page 384 Chapter 20: Errors and Mistakes in Foreign Language Learning: Drawing Boundaries from the Discourse of Argentine Teachers......Page 387 20.1 Introduction......Page 388 20.2.1 Errors, Failures, and Mistakes in Foreign Language Teaching......Page 389 20.2.2 The Sociolinguistic Perspective: Linguistic Variation as the Natural State of Languages......Page 392 20.3.2 First Results......Page 394 20.4 Final Considerations......Page 398 References......Page 400 Part V: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Psychology, Therapy and Counselling......Page 403 Chapter 21: Psychodynamic Therapy: A Cross-Cultural and Generational Failure......Page 404 21.1 Introduction......Page 405 21.2.1.1 The ‘Paranoid-Schizoid’ and ‘Depressive’ Positions......Page 406 21.2.2.1 The Object-Seeking Libido......Page 407 21.2.3 Donald Winnicott......Page 408 21.2.3.3 True and False Self......Page 409 21.3.1 Collectivism Versus Individual Caregiving Systems......Page 410 21.4 The ‘Cut and Paste’ Generation (Postmillennials)......Page 411 21.5.1 Thato......Page 412 21.5.2 James......Page 415 21.6 Conclusion......Page 416 References......Page 417 Chapter 22: Transcultural Sensitivity: A Way to Prevent Mistakes, Errors, and Failures in Psychotherapeutic and Psychiatric Treatment of Migrants......Page 419 22.2 Global Migration......Page 420 22.2.1 The Power of the Migration Background......Page 421 22.2.2 Mental Effects of Migration......Page 422 22.2.3 The Issue of Differences in Expression, Comprehension, and Culture......Page 423 22.2.5 Risk Factors for Migrants......Page 425 22.3.1 Case Study 1 Treatment Errors in Practice......Page 426 22.3.2 Potential Treatment Errors Regarding Trauma Patients......Page 427 22.3.3 Case Study 2: Treatment Errors Regarding Trauma Patients......Page 428 22.3.5 Transcultural Sensitivity......Page 429 22.4 The Göttinger Concept......Page 431 22.5 Summary......Page 432 References......Page 433 Chapter 23: The Success and Failures of Michael Jackson. A Psychobiography Through the Lens of the Trickster Archetype......Page 437 23.1 Introduction......Page 438 23.2.1 The Trickster Archetype......Page 439 23.3 Leadership, Leadership Stories, Success and Failure......Page 441 23.4.1 Sampling......Page 442 23.5 The Trickster Archetype in Michael Jackson’s Life......Page 443 23.6 Acknowledging the Trickster in Michael Jackson’s Artistic Leadership: Success and Failure......Page 450 23.7 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 451 References......Page 452 24.1 Introduction......Page 456 24.2.1 The Type and Mechanism......Page 457 24.3 Cross-Cultural Influence in Human Cognition......Page 459 24.3.1 Attention......Page 460 24.3.3 Interpretation......Page 461 24.3.4 Action Selection......Page 462 24.4.1 Appearance......Page 463 24.4.2 Navigation......Page 464 24.4.3 Metaphor......Page 465 24.4.4 Mental Model......Page 466 24.5.1 The Consideration of Users’ Cognitive Bias in Design Processing......Page 467 24.6 Conclusion......Page 468 References......Page 469 Part VI: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Law, Justice and Crime......Page 474 25.1 Introduction......Page 475 25.2 What Is “Forensic”?......Page 476 25.3 What Is Error?......Page 477 25.3.1 Practitioner Error......Page 479 25.3.2 Instrument Error......Page 480 25.3.4 Method Error......Page 481 25.4 Metacognition......Page 482 25.5 Patternicity......Page 484 25.5.1 Confirmation Bias......Page 485 25.6.1 A Culture of Scientific Thinking......Page 486 25.6.2 A Culture of Education and Training......Page 487 25.6.3 A Culture of Evidence Not Belief......Page 489 25.7 Error as a Resource......Page 490 References......Page 492 26.1 Introduction......Page 495 26.2 Failures in Wildlife Crime Combat in Different National and Cultural Contexts......Page 496 26.3 Strategies to Transform Failures in Combatting Wildlife Crime......Page 501 26.3.1 International Level......Page 503 26.3.2 National Level......Page 505 26.3.3 Local Level......Page 506 26.4 Conclusions......Page 507 References......Page 508 Part VII: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Medicine......Page 513 Chapter 27: Safety 3.0 and the End of the Superstar Clinician......Page 514 27.1.1 Medicine as the Noble Profession......Page 515 27.1.3 Organizational Culture: An Important Context for Addressing and Improving Error Rates in Patient Care......Page 516 27.2 The Safety Challenges of Modern Medicine......Page 517 27.2.1 Safety Case Study: Cardiopulmonary Arrests and Avoidable Admissions to Critical Care......Page 518 27.3 Frameworks for Continuous Systems Improvement......Page 519 27.4.1 Understanding Interdependencies......Page 520 27.4.2 The Cynefin Framework as a Way to Understand and Manage the Terrain......Page 521 27.4.3 Triple Modular Redundancy as a Technological Model for Working of Teams......Page 523 27.5.3 Agency and Ownership Facilitating Change......Page 525 27.5.5 Examples for Patient Powered Safety in Management of Chronic Illness......Page 526 27.6 Building a Safety Culture Fit for Complex Challenges Through Distributive Networks: Safety 3.0......Page 527 References......Page 529 28.1 From Research to Policy: Origins of Error Management in Medicine......Page 535 28.2 A Successful Example: Saving 28,000 Lives......Page 536 28.3 From Policy to Implementation: The Role of Empowerment......Page 537 28.4 The Success of Checklists......Page 538 28.5 Error Management and Communication Tools Used in Our Institution......Page 540 28.6 The Role of Cultural Change: How to Implement......Page 542 28.7 Reaching the Second Half of the Chessboard......Page 543 References......Page 544 Chapter 29: Humorous Handling of Mistakes: A Personality or Culture-Specific Trait to Combat Adverse Health Effects?......Page 545 29.1 Introduction......Page 546 29.2.1 Mistakes and Errors in Daily Life......Page 547 29.2.2 A Closer Look: The Connection of Mistakes and Emotions......Page 548 29.2.3 Effects of Humour on Emotions and Stress......Page 549 29.3 Coping Associated with Humour......Page 550 29.3.1 Humour and Culture......Page 551 29.3.2 Humour Embedded in Personality Traits......Page 552 29.3.3 Humour and Coping: Empirical Evidence......Page 553 29.3.4 Humour and Positive Psychology......Page 555 References......Page 556 Part VIII: Mistakes, Errors and Failure in Traffic and Aviation......Page 561 Chapter 30: Mistakes, Errors and Failures: Their Hidden Potential in Cultural Contexts – The Power of a Professional Culture......Page 562 30.1 Introduction......Page 563 30.2 Identifying a Local Professional Culture......Page 565 30.4 Can an Organization Inculcate the Wrong Safety Culture?......Page 568 30.5 Applying the “Just Culture” Construct to Encourage Error Reporting......Page 569 30.6 Complexity of the System as a Factor in Making and Learning from Errors......Page 570 30.7 Incident Reports......Page 571 30.8 Counting Errors Is Not Enough......Page 573 30.9 Self-Preservation May Deter Error Reporting......Page 574 30.10 A Knowledge Management System Enabling Error Learning......Page 575 30.11 So What Are the Benefits of an Error?......Page 576 30.11.1 Emotional Labour of Error Reporting......Page 577 30.11.3 Competing Demands......Page 578 30.11.4 Incentives......Page 579 30.12 Conclusion......Page 580 References......Page 581 Chapter 31: Leader Inquiry as a Method for Open Error Communication in Aviation and Beyond......Page 584 31.1 Introduction......Page 585 31.2 How Effective Is CRM Teamwork in Practice?......Page 589 31.3 CRM: A Lot Has Been Achieved......Page 590 31.4 What Comes First?......Page 591 31.5 Ranks Are a Problem......Page 593 31.7 The Role of the Commander......Page 594 31.8 Decision-Making......Page 595 31.9 Emergencies......Page 596 31.11 The Creative Problem-Solver......Page 598 References......Page 600 32.1 Introduction......Page 602 32.2 Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture and Their Impact on Driving Behaviour......Page 603 32.3 Other Theories About Cultural Differences and Driving......Page 605 32.4 Differences in Driving Behaviour Between Various Cultures......Page 606 32.5 Driving Mistakes Related to the Traffic Environment......Page 607 32.5.1 Driving Mistakes Because of the Incorrect Anticipation of People’s Behaviour......Page 608 32.5.2 Driving Mistakes Because of Confusion About the Meaning of Traffic Signs......Page 609 32.5.3 Driving Mistakes Because of Not Fulfilling Expectations of Others......Page 610 32.6 How to Decrease the Mistakes Induced by Driving Culture Differences: Infrastructure Changes and New Policies......Page 611 32.7 Conclusion......Page 612 References......Page 613 Epilogue: Errors, Mistakes and Failures in Anticipation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution......Page 617 Error Scenario 1......Page 618 Error Scenario 3......Page 619 Error Scenario 4......Page 620 Error Scenario 6......Page 621 The Way Forward......Page 622 References......Page 623