Kawasaki Disease

Description

This book aims to provide readers with up-to-date information on clinical research, diagnostic methods and treatment choice of Kawasaki disease. First chapters describe clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of Kawasaki disease. Hot topics of precision medicine, big data analysis, genetics study, psychologic problems and allergic diseases after Kawasaki diseases are also discussed in details. Written by experts with wealthy experience in the field, this book will be an invaluable reference for pediatricians and clinicians working in the field of Kawasaki disease. Contents Introduction and History of Kawasaki Disease Epidemiology Is Kawasaki Disease an Infectious Disease? Is Kawasaki Disease a Genetic Disease? Is Kawasaki Disease an Immune-Mediated Disease? References Clinical Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease Clinical Symptoms of Classic KD Fever Extremity Changes Skin Rash Conjunctivitis Oropharyngeal Changes Cervical Lymphadenopathy Incomplete (Atypical) KD Unusual Manifestation of KD KD, KDSS (Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome), and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) References Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease and Development of New Biomarkers Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis of Incomplete (or Atypical) Kawasaki Disease Echocardiographic Findings That Aid in the Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease Development of New Biomarkers to Aid in the Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease Conclusion References Treatment of Kawasaki Disease Intravenous Immunoglobulin Acetylsalicylic Acid Adjuvant Therapy: Corticosteroids Adjuvant Therapy: Biologics Adjuvant Treatments: Cyclosporin Adjuvant Treatments: Clarithromycin Second-Line Therapy of Refractory Kawasaki Disease References Precision Medicine and Big Data Research of Kawasaki Disease Big Data and Precision Medicine Using Big Data for Kawasaki Disease Incidence Estimation The Validity of Claim Data Complication Rate Estimation Recurrence Rates How to Estimate the Incidence Accurately by Big Data Head-to-Head Comparison of Different Immunoglobulins from Big Data Research Comparing Timing of Immunoglobulin Therapy by Big Data Genetic Predisposition to Kawasaki Disease from the Perspective of Big Data Future Perspectives for Precision Medicine for Kawasaki Disease References Complication of Kawasaki Disease CAA IVIG Resistance References How to Prevent Complication of KD Introduction Precise Diagnosis (How to Identify Typical or Atypical Kawasaki Disease) Clinical Diagnosis Criteria (Kuo Mnemonic: 1-2-3-4-5 for Rapid Memory) Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) Site Induration Consulting a Kawasaki Disease Expert AHA Supplemental Criteria COVID-19 and Kawasaki Disease Treating Kawasaki Disease and IVIG Resistance with Precision Medicine IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin or Intravenous Gamma-Globulin) Aspirin IVIG Resistance (Nonresponsiveness or Failure) Preventing Coronary Artery Lesion Formation Other Off-Label Treatments Potential Role of Molecular Hydrogen Gas (H2) in KD [59] Promoting Kawasaki Disease Awareness Conclusion References Imaging of Coronary Artery Abnormalities in Kawasaki Disease with Emphasis on Multimodalities Introduction Noninvasive Evaluation of Coronary Artery Abnormalities in Kawasaki Disease Transthoracic Echocardiography FOCUS Methodology Measurement of Coronary Lumen Size at Different Cardiac Cycles Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Coronary CTA in the Patients with Possible Regression in a Chronic Phase of KD Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Invasive Evaluation of Coronary Artery Abnormalities in Kawasaki Disease Invasive Selective Coronary Angiography Intravascular Ultrasound Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Intravascular Ultrasound Giant Coronary Aneurysm Regression Validated by Transthoracic Echocardiography and Coronary CTA Summary (Take Home Message) References Clinical Research of Kawasaki Disease Fever Conjunctivitis Oral Mucosa Manifestations Lymphadenopathy Skin Manifestations Changes in the Extremities Incomplete Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome Refractory Kawasaki Disease Infant Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki Disease in Adolescents Laboratory Tests for KD References Laboratory Research and Scoring System of Kawasaki Disease Laboratory Data for Distinguishing Kawasaki Disease from Fever in Children Clinical Features Differentiating Children with Fever Suspected of Kawasaki Disease (Do Not Fit KD Diagnosis Upon Admission, But Fit Diagnosis During Follow-Up) [16] Nomogram Model for Predicting Kawasaki Disease The Importance of Eosinophils in Kawasaki Disease Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Kawasaki Disease Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI) in Kawasaki Disease C-Reactive Protein-to-Albumin Ratio (CRP/Alb) in Kawasaki Disease References Genetic Study of Kawasaki Disease Introduction Genetics and KD B Lymphoid Tyrosine Kinase (BLK) Caspase-3 (CASP3) Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) and CD40 Ligand (CD40L) Fc Fragment of IgG Receptor IIa (FCGR2A) HLA Complex 5 (HCP5) Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain (IGH) Variable (IGHV) Interleukin (IL)-4 and the IL-4 Receptor (IL-4R) Inositol-Triphosphate 3-Kinase C (ITPKC) Multidrug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4) Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyl Transferase 2 (NMNAT2) SMAD3 High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Interleukin (IL)-16 Purinergic Receptor P2Y12 (P2RY12) Sterile Alpha Motif Domain-Containing Protein 9-Like (SAMD9L) Prediction of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance Using a Genetic Risk Score (GSC) Conclusions References Epigenetics in Kawasaki Disease Methylation in KD MicroRNA Alteration in KD References Transcriptomics in Kawasaki Disease Introduction Transcriptomics to Unravel Mechanisms of KD mRNA Transcripts in Patients’ Blood mRNA Transcripts in KD Patients’ Heart Tissues mRNA Transcripts in KD-Like Mouse Models Noncoding Transcripts Biosignatures in KD Emerging Applications of Transcriptomics in Kawasaki Disease Immune Receptor Repertoire Neutrophil-Associated Genes as Potential Targets in Kawasaki Disease Perspective of Transcriptomics in Kawasaki Disease Conclusion References Immune Responses in Kawasaki Disease A Postinfectious Autoimmune Disease of Kawasaki Disease Kinetic Progress on the Immunopathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease Immune Responses of Different KD Variants Genetic and Epigenetic Immunoregulation of KD with and Without Complications Immunotherapies Based on Immune Response of KD References Anemia in Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki Disease Is the Most Common Vasculitis of the Coronary Arteries in Children Anemia in Patients with Kawasaki Disease Hepcidin Expression Is Associated with the Prognosis of Kawasaki Disease Iron Deficiency Caused by Hepcidin Is Related to Transient Hypoferremia and Anemia in KD Patients HAMP Promoter Hypomethylation and Elevated Hepcidin Levels Are Biomarkers of Kawasaki Disease Other Studies on Hepcidin in Kawasaki Disease Conclusion References Psychological or Mental Issues in Kawasaki Disease Background KD and Cognition KD and ADHD KD and Autism Spectrum Disorders KD and Caregiver Pressure Conclusion References Infection or not in Kawasaki Disease What Is Infection? Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence Clinical Presentation of Vasculitis Age Distribution Gender Seasonality Tropospheric Wind Intra-Family Transmission Recurrence Cluster Phenomenon Laboratory Evidence Pathological Discovery Bacterial Infections and Superantigens Viral Infections SARS-CoV-2 Infection Conclusion References Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome and Mild KD Introduction Definition of KDSS Interracial Incidence Etiology (Shock Mechanism) Cardiogenic Shock Component (Hypokinesia) Cardiogenic Shock Component (Valvular Insufficiency) Distributive Shock Component Clinical Manifestations (Database Limitation Is Addressed in the End of the Section) Database Limitation Conditions that Mimic Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome Toxic Shock Syndrome Septic Shock Adverse Effect of IVIG Treatment Mortality Significant Difference between KDSS and Mild KD Conclusion (Take Home Message) References Gut Microbiota in Kawasaki Disease Introduction Gut Microbiota in Childhood Diseases Gut Microbiota and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases Proposed Infectious Causes of KD The Complex Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Kawasaki Disease Conclusion References Allergic Diseases and Association with Kawasaki Disease Allergy-Related Biomarkers in Kawasaki Disease Allergic Diseases and Association with Kawasaki Disease Allergic Diseases Before Kawasaki Disease Asthma and Kawasaki Disease References Untitled