Occupied America: A History of Chicanos

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Acknowledgments......Page 18 Contents......Page 4 Preface......Page 16 CHAPTER 1 Not Just Pyramids, Explorers, and Heroes......Page 20 The Corn People: An Overview......Page 21 The Olmeca 1500 BC–500 BC......Page 22 The Maya......Page 23 Maya Society......Page 24 The Decline of Mayan Civilization......Page 25 Urbanism and Trade......Page 26 Other Corn Civilizations......Page 27 The Tarasco......Page 28 The Azteca......Page 29 Los Norteños......Page 30 Conclusion: The World System in 1519......Page 32 The Semi-Peripheral Zones......Page 33 The Mesoamerican Periphery......Page 34 What Drove the Conquest......Page 38 The Spanish Conquest......Page 39 The Spanish Invasion of the Mexica......Page 40 Smallpox and Other Plagues......Page 41 The Conquest of Race and Labor in Mesoamerica......Page 42 The Changing Roles of Women......Page 43 The Assimilation of Native Women......Page 44 Al Norte: God, Gold, Glory, Silver, and Slaves......Page 45 The Changing Order......Page 46 Forced Labor......Page 47 The Northern Corridor......Page 48 The Colonization of Texas......Page 49 The Tlaxcalán and the Castas......Page 50 Los Indios......Page 51 Conclusion: On the Eve of the Mexican War of Independence......Page 52 CHAPTER 3 Legacy of Hate: The Conquest of Mexico's Northwest......Page 58 Mexican Independence from Spain......Page 59 Broken Promises......Page 60 Wanna-Be Sam Adamses......Page 61 The Pretext: Myths of the Alamo......Page 62 Mexicans Win the Battles but Lose the War......Page 63 The Manufactured War......Page 64 Religious Justifications for War......Page 65 History as Propaganda......Page 66 Peacemakers Expose the Violence of War......Page 67 The War Crimes......Page 68 The Prosecution of the War......Page 69 The Controversy......Page 70 The Honorable Man......Page 71 Conclusion: The Border Crossed Us: In the Entrails of the Monster......Page 72 The Border Crossed Us......Page 78 The Years between 1836 and 1845......Page 81 Crossing the Northwest Texas-Mexican Border......Page 83 Control of the Corridor......Page 84 Trade Wars and the Rise of Juan Cortina......Page 85 Enter "Cheno" Cortina......Page 86 The Civil War......Page 87 The Transformation......Page 88 Hang 'em High!......Page 89 Controlling Mexicans......Page 90 Politics of Race and Gender......Page 92 The People's Revolt......Page 93 The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez......Page 94 Boss Rule......Page 95 Mexico Comes to Texas......Page 96 The Growth of the Mexican Population......Page 97 Mexican Resistance......Page 98 Conclusion: The Return of the Mexicano......Page 99 CHAPTER 5 Freedom in a Cage: The Colonization of New Mexico......Page 106 On the Frontier......Page 107 The Santa Fe Trail: The Trojan Horse......Page 108 The Taos Revolt: The Myth of the Bloodless Conquest......Page 109 Inventing Whiteness......Page 110 The Transition......Page 111 Gringos and los Ricos......Page 112 The Santa Fe Ring and the Land Grab......Page 113 The Lincoln County War......Page 115 The Americanization of the Catholic Church......Page 116 The New Mexican Diaspora......Page 117 The Marketplace......Page 118 Barbed Wire, Irrigation, and the Railroad......Page 119 The Village People Defend Their Land......Page 120 More Illusions of Inclusion......Page 121 Changes in Society......Page 122 Conclusion: The Decline of a Way of Life......Page 123 CHAPTER 6 Sonora Invaded: The Occupation of Arizona......Page 130 The War with Sonora......Page 132 Mexicans in Early Arizona......Page 133 The War of the Races......Page 134 Marrying Up!......Page 135 The Alliance of Elites......Page 136 The Land-Grant Grab......Page 137 From Adobe to Copper......Page 138 The Importance of Mining......Page 139 The 1890s: The De-skilling of Mine Work......Page 140 Mutual-Aid Societies......Page 141 The Emergence of Trade Unions......Page 142 It's the Water......Page 143 Conclusion: The Industrialization of Arizona......Page 144 CHAPTER 7 California Lost: Image and Reality......Page 149 The Myth That Has Become Legend......Page 150 The Class Gap......Page 151 John C. Fremont and the Bear Flag......Page 153 Gold Transforms California......Page 154 Complicity of the Californios......Page 155 Decline of the Californios......Page 156 Taxation without Representation......Page 157 Legalizing Racism......Page 158 The American Delusion, The Lugos Trial......Page 159 The Disillusionment......Page 160 El Clamor Público......Page 161 Class Divisions......Page 162 I Am Joaquin!......Page 163 The Social Bandit......Page 164 Mexicans in a Changing Society......Page 165 The Church's Role......Page 166 The Exclusion of the Other......Page 167 Conclusion: The Decline and Return of the Mexican......Page 168 Empire......Page 176 CHAPTER 8 Immigration, Labor, and Generational Change......Page 179 Overview......Page 180 Ideas Cross Borders......Page 181 Justice Knows No Borders......Page 182 Workers Find Their Voice......Page 183 The Nurturing of Ideas......Page 184 The Mexican Diaspora......Page 185 Early Mexican American Struggles to Control the Workplace......Page 186 Forging a Community......Page 187 Bullets across the Border......Page 188 In Defense of the Community......Page 189 Mexican Workers under Siege......Page 191 The Hysteria: The Plan of San Diego......Page 193 Shifts in Political Consciousness......Page 194 The Failure of American Brotherhood......Page 195 Conclusion: Mexicans in the City, The Backlash......Page 196 CHAPTER 9 The 1920s: The Effects of World War I......Page 204 Americanization: A Study of Extremes......Page 205 Protestant Churches and Americanization of the Mexican......Page 206 Mexicans and Mexican Americans......Page 207 The Influence of World War I on Becoming Mexican American......Page 208 The League of United Latin American Citizens......Page 209 The Move to the Cities......Page 210 San Antonio's West Side......Page 211 Los Angeles: "Where Only the Weeds Grow"......Page 212 Mexicans in the Midwest and Points East......Page 214 Mexican Labor in the 1920s......Page 216 Importance of the Sugar Beet Industry......Page 217 Mexican Workers in Texas......Page 218 The Formation of Mexican Unions......Page 219 Keeping America Blond and White......Page 221 Conclusion: Moving to the City......Page 223 CHAPTER 10 Mexican American Communities in the Making: The Depression Years......Page 230 The Great Depression: La Crisis......Page 231 Stresses and Strains during La Crisis......Page 232 Life during the Great Depression......Page 233 Nativist Deportations of the 1930s......Page 235 Repatriation Texas-Style......Page 236 Factories in the Fields......Page 237 The Farmworkers' Revolt......Page 238 The El Monte Strike......Page 239 The San Joaquín Valley Cotton Strike......Page 240 The Imperial Valley, 1934......Page 241 The Congress of Industrial Organizations......Page 242 Rural Workers in the Lone Star State......Page 243 Colorado and the Manitos......Page 244 Mexican Women Garment Workers in Los Angeles......Page 245 San Antonio Mexicana Workers......Page 246 La Pasionaria, the Pecan Shellers' Strike, and San Antonio......Page 247 Labor in the Midwest: Chicago......Page 248 The Mexican American Miners' Revolt......Page 249 The Mexican-Origin Community......Page 250 The Los Angeles Community......Page 251 El Congreso de los Pueblos de Habla Español......Page 252 Fighting Segregation......Page 253 Move to the Windy City: Chicago......Page 254 Conclusion: The Survivors......Page 255 Mexican Americans......Page 263 World War II and the Mexican......Page 264 The Story of Company E: The All-Mexican Unit......Page 265 Chicanas in the Military......Page 266 Finding Scapegoats......Page 267 The Sleepy Lagoon Trial......Page 268 Mutiny in the Streets of Los Angeles......Page 270 Mexicanas Break Barriers......Page 271 Rosita the Riveter......Page 272 The Federal Fair Employment Practices Commission......Page 273 Cold War Politics of Control......Page 274 The Communists Are Coming......Page 275 Toward a Civil Rights Agenda......Page 276 The American G.I. Forum......Page 277 Controlling Mexicans......Page 278 The Return of Farm Labor Militancy......Page 279 Renting Mexicans......Page 280 Conclusion: The Sleeping Giant Snores......Page 283 CHAPTER 12 " Happy Days": Chicano Communities under Siege......Page 290 Mexican Americans......Page 291 The Korean War: Historical Amnesia......Page 292 Keeping America American......Page 293 Militarization of the Immigration and Naturalization Service......Page 295 The Cities......Page 296 New Mexico: The Illusion of It All......Page 299 Los Angeles Politics......Page 300 El Paso......Page 301 The "Salt of the Earth"......Page 302 Toward Equality......Page 303 California......Page 304 The Struggle to Preserve the Barrios......Page 305 Urban Renewal: The Day of the Bulldozer......Page 306 Gentrification in the Midwest......Page 307 Conclusion: Toward the Illusion of Civil Rights......Page 308 CHAPTER 13 Goodbye America: The Chicana/o in the 1960s......Page 314 Proving Your Poverty......Page 315 Harvest of Shame: The Forgotten People......Page 317 San Antonio and Texas Politics......Page 318 Los Angeles Politics......Page 319 Building the Great Society......Page 320 Bilingual Education......Page 321 The Black–White Syndrome......Page 322 Magnetization of the Border......Page 323 The Immigration Act of 1965......Page 324 The Road to Delano......Page 325 La Casita Farms Corporation Strike of 1966 and the Aftershocks......Page 326 The Road to Brown Power......Page 328 The Making of a Movement......Page 329 The East LA Walkouts......Page 330 Chicana/o Student Militancy Spreads......Page 332 The Brown Berets and White Angst......Page 333 Gringos and Tejanos......Page 334 The Land Struggle......Page 336 El Grito del Norte......Page 337 Other Movement Voices......Page 338 Where Is God?......Page 339 Chicanas/os under Siege......Page 340 The Provocateurs......Page 342 Conclusion: The Chicana/o Legacy......Page 344 CHAPTER 14 The 1970s and 1980s: Redefining the 1960s......Page 352 Government Legitimizes Racism......Page 354 The Politics of Cynicism: Nixon's Hispanic Strategy......Page 355 La Raza Unida Party......Page 356 Failure to Build a National Third Party......Page 357 Inequality from Within......Page 358 Inevitable Factions......Page 359 The Birth of Chicano Studies......Page 360 Sterilization: Saving Taxpayers' Money......Page 361 The Road to Delano......Page 362 Nativism Is Racism......Page 363 Get the Mexican Bandits: Criminalization of Mexicans......Page 364 In Defense of the Foreign Born......Page 365 Chicanas/os as Commodities......Page 366 Political Gains......Page 367 Education: The Stairway to the American Dream......Page 368 The Continuing Importance of the EOPs......Page 369 Competing Ideologies......Page 370 The Myth of a Color-Blind Society......Page 371 Violence as an Instrument of Control......Page 372 Conclusion: The Final Year of the Decade......Page 373 CHAPTER 15 Becoming a National Minority: 1980–2001......Page 379 The Decade of the Hispanic......Page 380 The Central American Wave......Page 381 The Mexican Wave......Page 382 Reaction to the Little Brown Brothers and Sisters......Page 383 The Militarization of the Border......Page 384 Mexican American Labor......Page 385 The Movement for Inclusion: The Politicos......Page 388 The Glass Ceiling......Page 392 Immigrant Women Workers......Page 393 ¿Gobernar Es Poblar?......Page 394 The North American Free Trade Agreement......Page 395 Forging Communities......Page 397 Believers: Chicana/o Studies......Page 398 The Renaissance in Chicana/Chicano Thought and Arts......Page 399 Hate Is Tax Deductible......Page 400 The National Scene: Census 2000......Page 403 Some Things Never Change: Police Brutality......Page 407 Conclusion: The Problem of Becoming the Nation's Largest Minority......Page 408 CHAPTER 16 Losing Fear: Decade of Struggle and Hope......Page 416 When Numbers Count......Page 417 How Else Can You Teach Them a Lesson?......Page 418 Mexican Americans and 9/11......Page 419 The Stairway to Heaven: Electoral Politics......Page 422 Protection of the Foreign Born......Page 426 The Firewall?......Page 429 Losing Fear......Page 430 Conclusion: Toward an Ideology......Page 432 EPILOGUE: The Chicana/o Legacy......Page 438 Who Are Latinos? Where Do They Live?......Page 440 The Ramifications of Growth and Spreading Nationally......Page 442 Quo Vadis? What Will the Future Bring?......Page 444 Saving Humpty Dumpty......Page 446 A......Page 450 C......Page 451 E......Page 454 G......Page 455 J......Page 456 M......Page 457 N......Page 459 P......Page 460 S......Page 461 T......Page 462 V......Page 463 Z......Page 464