European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring: Special Collection of 2020 Papers

Description

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and more broadly in the fields of smart materials and intelligent systems. The volume covers highly diverse topics, including signal processing, smart sensors, autonomous systems, remote sensing and support, UAV platforms for SHM, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and SHM for civil structures and infrastructures. The contributions, which are published after a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists. The contents of this volume reflect the outcomes of the activities of EWSHM (European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring) in 2020. Preface Organization Program Chairs Program Co-chairs Program Committee Contents Seismic Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Structures Effect of Ductility on Performance of Reinforced Concrete Portal Frame Loaded with Lateral Load Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Design and Detailing of a Portal Frame 3 Preparation of RC Portal Frame 4 Preparation of RC Portal Frame 5 Result and Discussion 6 Conclusion References S2HM Must Be Real-Time or Not? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Historical Perspective 2.1 Real-Time Assessment: A Different Perspective in Damage Identification 3 Near Real-Time Monitoring 4 Pioneering Application 5 Summary References Structural Behavior Characterization of the Gravina Bridge (Matera, Southern Italy) Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Description of Gravina Bridge 2 Foundation Soils: Geophysical Characterization 3 Structural Health Monitoring 3.1 Parameters Estimation: Methods 3.2 Parameters Estimation: Results 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Uncertainty Analysis of Damage Identification Results Based on Finite Element Model Updating Abstract 1 Introduction 2 FE Model, Damage Scenario, and Problem Definition 3 Uncertainty Quantification Study of the Damage Identification Results 4 Conclusions References Experience of Sonic Echo/Impulse Response Testing Difficulties in Timber Piles of Bridge Foundations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Observations and Results 3.1 Environmental Conditions 3.2 Physical Conditions of the Foundation 3.3 Attachments Conditions 4 Conclusion References Predictive Monitoring and Maintenance of Transportation Infrastructures: Requirements for Delivering Sensing Data over 5G Networks 1 Introduction 2 Data Gathering: Method and System 3 Data Management: Simulation Scenario 4 The Random Access Procedure 5 Scheduling Group-Based Transmissions in Critical Operating Conditions 6 Performance Analysis 7 Conclusions References Structural Health Monitoring over 5G uRLLC Network 1 Introduction 2 Structural Health Monitoring and Earthquake Early Warning 3 5G as an Enabler for SHM and EEW 4 IoT Board Design 5 Data Processing 6 Conclusion References Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring of Cahora Bassa Dam Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Dams 3 SSHM System Installed at the Cahora Bassa Dam 4 Vibrations Monitoring over Time 5 Measured Seismic Response Under Low/Medium Earthquakes 6 Predicted Seismic Response for a Strong Earthquake 7 Conclusions References Concrete Crack Detection from Video Footage for Structural Health Monitoring Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Methodology 3.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) 3.2 Digital Image Processing (DIP) 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Crack Detection 4.2 Physical Crack Properties Using Digital Image Processing 5 Conclusions References MEMS-Based System for Structural Health Monitoring and Earthquake Observation in Sicily Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Monitoring System 3 Case Studies 4 Results 5 Conclusive Remarks References A Study on Vision Based Method for Damage Detection in Structures Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 3.1 Dataset Building 3.2 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Crack Detection 4.2 Corrosion Detection 4.3 Spalling Detection 5 Conclusions References SHM in Wind Turbine Technology Understanding the Influence of Environmental and Operational Variability on Wind Turbine Blade Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Feature Extraction from Vibration Responses 2.2 Multivariate Non-Linear Regression for Feature Modelling 2.3 Sensitivity Analysis 2.4 Novelty Index 3 Case Study 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Sensitivity Analysis on the Measured EOP 4.2 Novelty Detection 5 Conclusion References Fatigue Life Assessment of Wind Turbine Load Time Series Based on Measurements with Different Sampling Rates 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Conclusions References Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Wave Methods for SHM Application of Nonlinear Guided Waves for Detecting Loose Flanged Bolted Joints in Pipelines Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity 2 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Simulations 3 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Damage Imaging Post Processing for Delamination Size Assessment of CFRP Aeronautic Structures 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 HDLI Feature 2.2 Damage Quantification Model 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Parameters Tuning 3 Application to Experimental Data 3.1 Data Description 3.2 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Development of Lamb and Rayleigh Wave-Based Nonlinearity Parameters for Estimating the Remnant Life of Fatigued Plate Structures Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Amplitude-Based Nonlinear Parameter for Lamb-Waves [6, 8, 11] 2.2 Amplitude-Based Nonlinear Parameter for Rayleigh-Waves [14] 2.3 Physics-Based Nonlinear Parameter for Lamb and Rayleigh-Waves 3 Simulation Studies 3.1 Material Specifications 3.2 Finite Element (FE) Models 4 Results 5 Concluding Remarks References Non-linear SHM Based Damage Detection in Doubly-Curved-Shells Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulations 2.1 Higher-Harmonics Based Approach 2.2 Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Technique 3 Experimental Set-up 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Higher-Harmonics Based Approach 4.2 VAM Technique 4.3 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References A Methodology for the Clusterisation of Communication Towers on the Basis of Their Structural Properties and Loads 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of Steel Lattice Masts 1.2 Vulnerability 2 Orography 2.1 Acquisition Methodology and Representative Parameter 2.2 Visual Investigation and ct Association 3 Vulnerability Index 3.1 Aerodynamic Index 3.2 Corrosion Index 3.3 Conclusion References An Adaptive Wavelet Library to Detect Surface Defects in Rail Tracks Using a Laser Ultrasonic System Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) 3 Experiment 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Experimental Evaluation of Nonlinear Wave/Damage Interaction for Delamination Detection in Laminated Composites Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Damage Index Definition 3 Experiments for Nonlinear Wave/Damage Interaction Characterization 3.1 Description of the SHM System 3.2 Damaged Specimens – Delamination Calibrated by Laser Shock 3.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Modelling of the Shear Horizontal Waves High-Order Harmonics Generation Using Local Interaction Simulation Approach 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling of SH Guided Waves Propagation 2.1 LISA Definition for SH Guided Waves Propagation 2.2 Nonlinear Material Model 2.3 Local Defect - Fatigue Crack 3 Numerical Studies 3.1 Model Description 3.2 Case 1 - Nonlinear Material 3.3 Case 2 - Fatigue Crack Modelling 3.4 Case 3 - Nonlinear Material and Fatigue Crack 4 Conclusions References Real Time Monitoring of Built Infrastructure Hygrometric Moisture Measurements Based on Embedded Sensors to Determine the Mass of Moisture in Porous Building Materials and Layered Structures 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Investigation of Suitable Filter Membranes for Embedment in Screed 3.2 Humidity and Moisture Measurements in Screed 3.3 Humidity and Moisture Measurements in the Insulation Layer 4 Conclusion References Continuous Static and Dynamic Strain Measurements on Civil Infrastructures: Case Study on One Pier of the Millau Viaduct Abstract 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Optical Strand Technology 3 Case Study of the Millau Viaduct 3.1 General Description 3.2 Monitoring System 3.3 Reverse Modelling of the Pier 3.4 Effects of the Temperature Variations 3.5 Effects of Traffic Loads 3.6 Effects of Strong Winds: Dynamic Identification 4 Conclusion References Gradient-Boosting Applied for Proactive Maintenance System in a Railway Bridge Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Description of the Structure 1.2 Objective 1.3 Monitoring System 2 Preprocessing 2.1 Sensor Selection and Data Cleansing 2.2 Sample Selection 2.3 Frequency Domain: Fourier Analysis 3 Statistical Study 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Linear Correlation Analysis 4 Predictive Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Generation of Additional Synthetic Data Using Monte Carlo (Synthetic Benchmarking) 4.3 Multioutput Regressor: Gradient Boosting 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Vibration-Based SHM Strategy for a Real Time Alert System with Damage Location and Quantification Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Description of the Structure 2.2 Modal Identification 2.3 Machine Learning Algorithm for Novelty Detection (SVM) 3 Results 4 Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgements References Slab Vibration Model Coupled with Pier Structure on Continuous Girder Bridge Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Slab Vibration Model 2.1 Bridge Axis Slab Vibration Model with Kinematic System 2.2 Determination of Mode Shape 2.3 Numerical Example 3 Experimental Validation at Real Bridge 3.1 Experimental Site 3.2 Setup and Analysis Flow 3.3 Result 4 Conclusion References Towards Monitoring of Concrete Structures with Embedded Ultrasound Sensors and Coda Waves – First Results of DFG for CoDA 1 Introduction 2 Theory of Coda Wave Interferometry 3 Experiments 3.1 US Sensors for Embedding into Concrete 3.2 ``All Inclusive'' Specimen 4 Results 4.1 Large Scale Model ``All Inclusive'' 5 Discussion and Outlook References Ultrasonic Wave Scattering at Liquid-Solid Interface by a Phased Array Sensor Using Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Phased Array Transducer 3 DPSM for Modeling Phase Array Transducers 4 Numerical Results and Discussion 4.1 Number of Point Sources 4.2 Ultrasonic Field Computation 5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Multi-type Sensor Placement for Structural Health Monitoring of Tied-Arch Bridges Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Response Estimation Error for Multi-type Sensor Arrangement 3 Numerical Example 3.1 Numerical Model 3.2 Modes Selection 3.3 Sensor Placement Results 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Detection of Earthquake-Induced Damage in Building Structures Using Earthquake Response Data Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Methodology 3 Shake Table Experimental Application 4 Conclusion References Assessment of CNC Machine-Induced Vibrations on an Industrial Inter-story Floor Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Case-Study System 2.1 Building 2.2 Inter-story Floor 2.3 CNC Machines 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Analysis of the OKUMA Machinery Center 3.2 Field Measurements on the Inter-story Floor 4 Finite Element Numerical Analysis 4.1 Solving Approach 4.2 Results 5 Conclusions References Continuous Dynamic Monitoring System of Foz Tua Arch Dam: Installation and First Results Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Instrumented Dam and Monitoring System 3 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring 3.1 Characterization of Vibration Levels 3.2 Automatic Operational Modal Analysis and Effect of Operating Conditions 4 Conclusion and Future Developments Acknowledgments References Compressive Sensing and On-Board Data Recovery for Vibration–Based SHM 1 Introduction 2 Compressive Sensing 3 Proposed SHM Architecture 4 Experimental Validation 4.1 Materials 4.2 Methods 4.3 Results 5 Conclusion References A Novel Time-Frequency Distribution for Real-Time Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring Approach for Civil Infrastructures 2.1 Modal Assurance Distribution 2.2 Outline of the Monitoring Procedure 2.3 Visualization of Modal Features 3 Application 4 Conclusions References Nonlinear SHM Methods for High Sensitivity Non Destructive Auscultation and Imaging of Damages by Distributed Sensor Array: Step Towards Passive SHM Under Real Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Passive Defect Imaging 3 Baseline-Free Repetitive Probing Method 3.1 Experimental Procedure 3.2 Signal Processing and Imaging Results 4 Conclusions References Estimation of Deterioration Due to Corrosion in the RC Members Using Higher Harmonics Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Signal Processing Method for Diagnosis 3 Experimental Work 3.1 RC Specimens and Vibration Test Setup 3.2 The Results of Diagnosis 4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References A Damage Detection Method of Bridges Utilizing Vehicle Vibration Time History Signal Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Theoretical Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Model 2.2 Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Numerical Simulation 3.2 Experimental Verification 4 Conclusion References Guided Wave Propagation and Breathing-Debond Localization in a Composite Structure Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulation 3 Breathing-Debond Source Localisation Strategy 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Analysis of Guided Wave Signals and Nonlinearity 4.2 Localisation of Breathing-Debond 5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Towards the Next Generation of Performance Indicators Supported by SHM Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Goes to Space Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Currently Available SHM Technologies 2.1 General Architecture of SHM: Operation and Damage Monitoring 2.2 Capability of Currently Available SHM Technologies- Decision Matrix 3 Conclusion References Standardization and Guidelines on SHM and NDT: Needs and Ongoing Activities Methods to Quantify the Utility of NDT in Bridge Reassessment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Prestressed Concrete Bridge and Initial Computation Model 3 Pre-investigation and Definition of the Measurand 4 Quality Evaluation of NDT Results 4.1 Probability of Detection (POD) 4.2 Measurement Uncertainty Calculation 5 NDT-Supported Structural Reassessment 6 Results and Conclusion References Structural Health Monitoring System for Furnace Refractory Wall Thickness Measurements at Cerro Matoso SA 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Ground Penetrating Radar-GPR 3 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results 4.1 GPR at the Skew Level in the Test Bench 4.2 GPR in the Areas with Visible Refractory Brick 5 Thickness Monitoring System 6 Conclusions References Numerical and Experimental Assessment of FRP-Concrete Bond System 1 Introduction 2 Equivalent Time Length 3 Numerical 1-D Defect Detection System 4 Experimental Study 4.1 Laboratory-Scale Measurements 4.2 In-Situ Measurements 5 Conclusions References Wireless Sensing Systems for Structural Health Monitoring Detecting Road Pavement Cracks Based on Acoustic Signature Analyses Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method Presentation and Application 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Development of Autonomous UHF RFID Sensors Embedded in Concrete for the Monitoring of Infrastructures in Marine Environments Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Development of an Embedded UHF-RFID Sensor in Concrete 2.1 RF Losses Associated with Concrete 2.2 Optimization and Realization of an Embedded Patch Antenna Operating at 868 MHz 2.3 Development of a Resistive Sensor Sensitive to Depassivation of Steel 3 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Integrated Approaches for SHM: Models, Data and Experiments Improving the Capability of Detecting Damages in the Early State by Advanced Frequency Estimation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Algorithm and Its Theoretical Background 3 Tests Performed to Improve the Method’s Accuracy 3.1 The Effect of the Signal Length on the Estimation Accuracy 3.2 The Capacity to Detect Small Frequency Changes 3.3 Frequency Estimation for an Acquired Signal 4 Conclusion References False Alarm-Improved Detection Capabilities of Multi-sensor-Based Monitoring of Vibrating Systems Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Description of the POD Measure 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Injected Faults as Changes to Be Investigated 4 Results and Discussions 5 Diagnostic Capabilities of Sensors 5.1 Improved POD Analysis 6 Summary and Conclusion References A Computer Vision-Based Approach for Non-contact Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating Abstract 1 Introduction 2 FE Model Updating 3 Video Acquisition Algorithm 4 Experimental Setup 5 Results 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References On Metrics Assessing the Information Content of Datasets for Population-Based Structural Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 The Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) 3 Case Study: PBSHM of Machining Tools – Assessing the Similarity of Structures Using the MMD as a Metric 3.1 The Tool Wear Dataset 3.2 Signal Processing and Feature Selection 4 Results of Using the MMD 5 Conclusions References Experimental and Numerical Aspects of Lamb Waves Excitation and Sensing by Rectangular Piezoelectric Transducers 1 Introduction 2 2D Hybrid Mathematical Model for Actuation and Sensing 3 Square PWASs 4 Rectangular PWASs 5 Conclusion References Recent Results in Active and Passive SHM Abstract 1 PWAS Transducers Developments 1.1 PWAS Tuning in Damped Structures 1.2 PWAS for Harsh Environments 2 Active Guided-Wave SHM of Composites 2.1 Damped Guided-Wave Prediction in Composite Plates 2.2 Detection of Multilayer Delamination 2.3 EMIS Detection of Delaminations 2.4 Wave Damage Interaction Coefficients (WDIC) 2.5 Analytical Prediction of Wave Damage Interaction Coefficients Using the Complex Mode Expansion with Vector Projection (CMEP) Method 3 Passive SHM via Acoustic Emission References Comparison of CWRU Dataset-Based Diagnosis Approaches: Review of Best Approaches and Results Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Case Western Reserve University Bearing Dataset 3 Approaches Used for CWRU Bearing Dataset 3.1 Machine Learning Approaches 3.2 Deep Learning Approaches 3.3 Transfer Learning Approaches 4 Results and Resulting Challenges 5 Recommendation and Conclusions References Analyzing the Robustness of Hybrid, Output-Only, Kalman Filtering–Based System Identification Method Abstract 1 Introduction 2 RD-UKF 3 RD-UKF Robustness Studies 3.1 Case 1: 3-DoF System Under Different Loading Conditions 3.2 Case 2: RD-UKF Robustness Under Monte Carlo Simulations 3.3 Case 3: Mass Matrix Sensitivity Analysis 3.4 Case 4: Missing Sensor Sensitivity Analysis 4 Conclusion References Production-Induced Variance of Guided Wave-Based SHM Systems – A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Damage Identification by Inverse Finite Element Method on Composite Structures Subject to Impact Damage Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Inverse Finite Element Method 3 Application to Anomaly Identification 3.1 Mahalanobis Distance Exploitation 4 The Case Study 4.1 The Specimen 4.2 The Test Rig 4.3 The iFEM Model and the Sensors Grids 5 Results 6 Conclusions References Comparison of Hilbert Transform and Complex Demodulation for Defect Identification in Cutting Discs using Vibration-Based Feature Extraction 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Methods and Experiments 2.1 Numerical Models 2.2 Experimental Setup 2.3 Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Multi-body Model Data 3.2 Peridynamics Model Data 3.3 Experimental Data 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References In-Service Inspections of Bondlines in Composite Structures by Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Technology 3 Test Specimens 3.1 Tension and Compression Samples 3.2 Four Point Bending Samples 4 Results 4.1 Tensile-Compression Results 4.2 Four Point Bending Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Assessment of a Dual Kalman Filter-Based Approach for Input/Output Estimation in an Aluminum Plate 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Formulation 3 Numerical Modeling and Results 3.1 Numerical Results 4 Experimental Verification 4.1 Setup of the Experiment 4.2 Results of Experimental Measurement 5 Conclusion References Monitoring Road Acoustic and Mechanical Performance Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Analysis of Literature and Standards 2.1 Frequency Response Function 3 Set Up of the Methodology 4 Design of Experiments and Results 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Diagnostics and Prognostics of Composite Structures Towards a Condition-Based Maintenance Framework Acoustic Emission Based Monitoring of Fatigue Damage in CFRP-CFRP Adhesive Bonded Joints Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Set-up 3 Analysis of AE Events 4 Localization of AE Events 5 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Damage Diagnostics of a Composite Single-Stiffener Panel Under Fatigue Loading Utilizing SHM Data Fusion 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Campaign 3 Damage Monitoring Results 4 Conclusions References A Strain-Based Health Indicator for the SHM of Skin-to-Stringer Disbond Growth of Composite Stiffened Panels in Fatigue Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Test Article and Experimental Campaign 2.1 Specimen Fabrication 2.2 Experimental Campaign 3 Assessment of Skin-to-Stringer Growth 3.1 Static Strains Acquisition 3.2 In-Situ C-Scan Inspection 3.3 Strain-Based Health Indicator (HI) 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References An Impact Monitoring System for Aeronautical Structures Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Impact Monitoring System Architecture 2.1 Passive Impact Monitoring 2.2 Active Damage Monitoring 3 Algorithms Theoretical Background 4 Experimental Setup 4.1 Setup for Passive Impact Monitoring 4.2 Low Velocity Damage Generation 4.3 Setup for Active Damage Monitoring 5 Results 5.1 Impact Detection 5.2 Impact Localization 5.3 Force Estimation 5.4 Damage Detection and Location 6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Toward Composite Damage Classification Using in Situ Wavenumber-Frequency Modal Decomposition of Acoustic Emissions Abstract 1 Introduction 2 A Linear Array for Modal Decomposition and Analysis 3 Experimental Study 4 Impact Tests 5 Delamination Test 6 Conclusion and Future Work Acknowledgement References Vehicle-Based Indirect SHM for Infrastructure Identification of the Elastic Modulus of Simply-Supported Girders from Dynamic Tests: Method and in Situ Validation 1 Introduction 2 Forward Problem 3 Inverse Problem 3.1 Estimate of Moving Load Excitation 3.2 Identification of the Flexural Rigidity 4 Case Study 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Output-Only Dynamic Identification 4.3 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Free Vibration Selection Method in Acceleration Responses for Bridge Health Monitoring Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Methodology 2.1 Vehicle Detection 2.2 Region Selection 3 Experiments 3.1 Setup 3.2 Results 4 Conclusion References Deployment of Contact-Based Ultrasonic Thickness Measurements Using Over-Actuated UAVs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Inspection System Overview 2.1 Voliro Multirotor UAV 2.2 Ultrasonic Instrumentation 2.3 Experimental Setup 3 Results 3.1 Multidirectional Structure Inspection 3.2 Ultrasonic Inspection Accuracy 3.3 Positioning Encoding Uncertainty 3.4 Scanning Acquisition 4 Future Work 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Drive-by Bridge Health Monitoring Using Multiple Passes and Machine Learning Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Modeling 3 The Damage Detection Algorithm 4 Numerical Results 4.1 Data Generation and Damage Detection 4.2 Impact of the Training Set Size 4.3 Impact of the Frequency Range 4.4 Impact of Measurement Error 5 Conclusion References Guided Waves in Structures for SHM Vectorization of the Code for Guided Wave Propagation Problems 1 Introduction 2 Code Vectorization Concept 3 Results 4 Conclusions References In-situ Strain Monitoring Performance of Flexible Nylon/Ag Conductive Fiber in Composites Subjected to Cyclic Tensile Loading Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Fabrication Process 2.2 Experimentation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mechanical Behavior of Composite Star Specimen 3.2 In-situ Monitoring and Identification of Strain Deformation by Nylon/Ag Fiber Sensor 4 Conclusion References Guided Waves Dispersion Analysis in Composite Pipe Using the SAFE Method Abstract 1 Introduction 2 SAFE Formulation 2.1 Problem Definition 2.2 Governing Equation 2.3 Finite Element Method 2.4 Phase and Group Velocity 3 Numerical Results with SAFE Method 3.1 Isotropic Aluminum Pipe 3.2 Anisotropic Composite Pipe 4 Validation 4.1 FE Numerical Simulations 4.2 Experimental Investigation 5 Conclusion References Machine Learning Algorithms for Health Monitoring of Timber Utility Poles Using Stress Wave Propagation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Learning Algorithms for Signal Classification 2.1 ANN Pattern Recognition Algorithm 2.2 SVM Classifier 2.3 k-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm 3 Field Testing and Results 4 Conclusion References Selective Actuation of Antisymmetric Lamb Waves Using Internal d15 Transducers for SHM Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Approach 3 Methods 3.1 Model Validation 3.2 Parametric Study of Actuator Location Effect on Mode-Selectivity 3.3 Damage Detection During a Three-Point Bending Test 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Model Validation 4.2 Parametric Study of Actuator Location Effect on Mode Selectivity 4.3 Damage Detection During a Three-Point Bending Test 5 Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgement References Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Guided Waves to Elastic Constants: A Numerical Study 1 Introduction 2 Theory 3 Results 4 Conclusion References A Structural-Aware Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique for Acoustic Data Communication in SHM Applications 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Carrier Frequency Selection 2.2 Spectrum-Driven Bit Reconstruction 3 Experimental Validation 3.1 Materials 3.2 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Strategies for Identification of Elastic Constants in Highly Anisotropic Materials Using Lamb Waves Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Semi-analytical Spectral Element Method 3 Experimental Measurements 3.1 Specimen 3.2 Experimental Set-up 4 Optimization with Genetic Algorithm 5 Results 6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Damage Detection with Ultrasonic Guided Waves Based on Broadband Random Excitation and Stochastic Signal Processing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulations 2.1 The Time-Domain Spectral Element Method 2.2 The Numerical Model 3 Data Analysis 3.1 Full Wavefield Signal Processing 3.2 Damage Detection Analyzing the Simulated Signals 4 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgments References Structural Event and Damage Diagnosis in a Composite Fuselage Structure 1 Introduction 2 SHM System Description 3 SHM Sensor Installation 4 SHM System Testing 5 Data Analysis 5.1 Raw Data 5.2 Pre-processing Raw Data 5.3 Impact Detection 5.4 Computing Elastic Waves Speeds 5.5 Impact Location 5.6 Damage Detection 5.7 Damage Location 6 Results 7 Conclusions and Way Forward References The Potential of Ultrasonic Edge and Lamb Waves Propagating in Laminates to Detect Defects Near an Edge and Weakened Adhesion Zones 1 Introduction 2 GWs in a Laminate with Damaged Interface 3 Scattering of Edge Waves by a Surface-Breaking Crack 4 Conclusion References Guided Wave Monitoring of Industrial Pipework – Improved Sensitivity System and Field Experience Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Location Specific Temperature Compensation (LSTC) 3 Application of LSTC to Experimental Data 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Composite Leading Edge Monitoring with a Guided Wave System Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Techniques 3 Tests Setup 4 Tests Results 5 Discussion of Results 6 Conclusions References The Global-Local Approach for Damage Detection in Composite Structures and Rails Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Formulation 3 Numerical Applications 3.1 Scattering from Defects in Aircraft Composite Skin-to-Stringer Assembly 3.2 Scattering from Defects in Rail Head 4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Smart Multifunctional Materials and Systems for SHM of Large Structures Recent Advances and Open Issues on the Use of Smart Bricks for Seismic Monitoring of Masonry Buildings: Experimental Tests and Numerical Simulations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Smart Brick Technology 2.1 Production Process 2.2 Electrical and Strain Measurements 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Axial Compression Tests on Single Smart Bricks 3.2 Small-Scale Masonry Wall Under Eccentric Axial Compression Load 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Graphite-Cement Composites as Low-Cost Strain Sensing Multifunctional Materials 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Methodology 2.1 Materials and Samples 2.2 Devices and Experimental Tests 3 Percolation Investigation 4 Sensitivity 4.1 Loads 4.2 Electrical Outputs 5 Conclusion References Combining Ultrasound and Surface Treatments for an Efficient Ice Protection Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Test Article and Surface Treatments 3 Ultrasound for Deicing 4 Experimental Test 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Human Performance Monitoring An Aircraft Pilot Workload Sensing System 1 Introduction 2 Flight Mission 3 Sensors for Data Acquisition 4 Results 4.1 Heart Rate 4.2 Body and Facial Temperature 5 Conclusion References Site-Specific Quality Assessment of Trabecular Bone Using Highly Nonlinear Solitary Waves Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of HNSW Interaction with Bone Microstructures 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Structural Health Monitoring of Cultural Heritage Structures Vibration-Based Novelty Detection of Masonry Towers Using Pattern Recognition Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Development of the Novelty Detection Strategy 3 Application and Validation of the Proposed Strategy 3.1 Description of the Tower 3.2 Continuous Dynamic Monitoring of Natural Frequencies 3.3 Application of the Damage Detection Algorithm 4 Conclusions References Health Assessment and Modal Analysis of Historical Masonry Arch Bridge Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Numerical Modeling 4 Numerical Analysis and Results 4.1 Gravity Analysis 4.2 Modal Analysis 4.3 Dynamic Analysis 5 Conclusions References Novel Structural Health Monitoring Software Systems Exploiting Heterogeneous Sensing Solutions and Data Fusion for Enhanced Local/Global Damage Identification of Historic Structures Abstract 1 Introduction 2 MOVA/MOSS: Two Software Platforms for Integrated SHM 2.1 Software Architecture 3 Case Study: The Consoli Palace in Gubbio, Italy 3.1 Description of the Structure and SHM System 3.2 Operational Modal Analysis of the Consoli Palace 3.3 Feature Extraction and Pattern Recognition 3.4 Damage Detection 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References One-Year Dynamic Monitoring the Main Spire of the Milan Cathedral Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Main Spire and the Monitoring System 2.1 Description of the Main Spire 2.2 Description of the Monitoring System 3 Dynamic Charateristics of the Main Spire 4 Evolution of Natural Frequencies 5 Conclusions References A Transfer Learning Application to FEM and Monitoring Data for Supporting the Classification of Structural Condition States Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Domain Adaptation 2.1 Transfer Component Analysis 3 Case Study 3.1 Source Domain 3.2 Target Domain 3.3 Classification 4 Conclusion References Earthquake-Induced Damage Localization and Quantification in Historic Masonry Towers Using OMA and IDA 1 Introduction 2 The Proposed Methodology 3 The Case Study: San Pietro Bell Tower 4 Damage Localization and Quantification by IDA 5 Conclusions References Author Index