Chile: Environmental History, Perspectives and Challenges
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Chile is located in the Southern Cone of South America; it has a high diversity of landscapes, which have been considered by naturalists and scientists as an irreplaceable patrimony of nature. This country has more than 4,000 kilometers of latitudinal extension, with deserts, agricultural valleys, large mineral deposits, ancient forests, relict and endemic species, glaciers, dunes, indigenous cultures and an increasing economy. The main aim of this book is to contribute to the understanding of the environment in Chile. The first chapter focuses on understanding an important dimension of nature, describing the Chilean forests as one of the main natural patrimonies of the country. Then the human enforcement of conservation biodiversity and natural patrimony is presented. Topics such as plastic pollution in oceans, the role of the school education system, private protected areas and others are addressed. Then the book focuses on the potential impacts generated by climate change on the environment of Chile. Alternatives for sustainable development in the near future that take into account food security, soil erosion and climate change. The book finalizes with two issues which that are strongly linked to human activities, natural hazards and mining impacts. A history of natural hazards in Chile is presented, analyzing the changes in policy and the influence of socio-environmental events and dynamics on the current structure of risks in Chile determined by natural and human factors. Finally, an analysis of the impacts of mining associated with arsenic and copper is presented, describing the development of environmental standards, which aim to avoid or reduce the impacts on nature and humans. Preface Chapter 1. Chilean Forests: Recent Trends and Perspectives (Alberto J. Alaniz, Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente, Ecogeografía, Santiago, Chile, and others) Chapter 2. Beyond the past and Present: Identifying Current Trends of Conflicts with Biodiversity, Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Functions for the Chile of the Future (Rodrigo M. Barahona-Segovia, Ignacio Nuñez-Hidalgo, Carlos González-Césped and José Alejandro S. Rojas-Osorio, Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente, Ecogeografía, Santiago, Chile, and others) Chapter 3. Private Protected Areas in Chile: Developments since the 1980s (Benedikt Hora and Carla Marchant, Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Austria, and others) Chapter 4. Climate Change: Impacts, Policy and Perspectives (Ignacio Núñez-Hidalgo, Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente, Ecogeografía, Santiago, Chile, and others) Chapter 5. Building Resilience: The Reciprocal Relationship between Livestock and Climate Change in Chile (Constanza Gutiérrez-Gómez, Rodrigo Arias Inostroza, Paula Toro Mujica, Paul Escobar Bahamondes and Javier Nicul Huerta, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and others) Chapter 6. Natural Risks in Chile: History, Approaches and Future Challenges (Carolina Martínez, Magdalena Vicuña, Nikole Guerrero and Victor Orellana, Institute of Geography, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management, CIGIDEN, and others) Chapter 7. Arsenic and Copper in Chile and the Development of Environmental Standards (Joseline Tapia, María Pía Rodríguez, Pamela Castillo, Rodrigo González, Carlos Rodríguez, Ana Valdés, Brian Townley and Guillermo Fuentes, Escuela de Geología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile, and others) Index
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