Aging Hair

Description

The scalp and hair are subject to both intrinsic or physiologic aging and extrinsic or premature aging caused by external factors. This comprehensive and reader-friendly book offers an up-to-date overview on all aspects of hair aging, including in particular the two main streams of interest: the aesthetic problem, which relates to everything that happens outside the skin, and the biologic problem, which concerns the "secret life" of the hair follicle in the depth of the skin. Internationally recognized experts provide detailed contributions on the biologic basis of hair aging and current concepts for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The intrinsic and extrinsic modulating factors for hair growth and pigmentation are explained and future directions for therapeutic intervention are examined. In summary, this unique book offers valuable insights into hair aging and guidance on its treatment; it will prove invaluable both to dermatologists and to other interested physicians and basic scientists. 157326_1_En_1_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf 157326_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 1 Gerontobiology of the Hair Follicle Core Message 1.1  Introduction 1.2 Biologic vs. Chronologic Aging 1.3 Variation in Hair Types During the Life of a Hair Follicle 1.3.1 Lanugo-to-Vellus Hair Follicle Transformation 1.3.1.1 Congenital Universal Hypertrichosis 1.3.2 Vellus-to-Terminal Hair Follicle Transformation 1.3.3 Terminal-to-Vellus Hair Follicle Transformation 1.4 Age-Related Hair Growth Variation 1.5 Age-Related Hair Pigmentation Variations 1.6 Hair Loss: An Aging Event? 1.7 Conclusions References 157326_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 2 Molecular Basis of Androgenetic Alopecia 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Patterns of Hair Loss 2.1.1.1 In Men 2.1.1.2 In Women 2.1.2 Incidence 2.1.3 Significance of Androgenetic Alopecia 2.2 Changes During Androgenetic Alopecia 2.2.1 Altering the Type of Hair Produced Via the Hair Follicle Growth Cycle 2.2.2 The Miniaturisation Processes 2.3 The Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia 2.3.1 Seasonal Changes in Human Hair Growth 2.3.2 Paradoxical Effects of Androgens on Human Hair Growth 2.3.3 Essential Requirement for Androgens 2.3.4 Genetic Influences 2.3.4.1 Incidence 2.3.4.2 Investigation of Specific Genes 2.4 Current Model for Androgen Action in the Hair Follicle 2.5 Treatment 2.5.1 Surgery 2.5.2 Hormonal Treatments 2.5.2.1 Anti-Androgens 2.5.2.2.5 a-Reductase Inhibitors 2.5.2.3 Non-Hormonal Therapy 2.5.3 Future Developments References 157326_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 3 Inflammatory Phenomena and Fibrosis in Androgenetic Alopecia 3.1 Pathobiology of Androgenetic Alopecia and Current Pharmacologic Treatment 3.2 Hair Follicle Microinflammation and Fibrosis 3.3 Red Scalp 3.4 Fibrosing Alopecia in a Pattern Distribution 3.5 Targeting the Inflammatory Component in Androgenetic Alopecia References 157326_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 4 Post-Menopausal Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia 4.1 Background 4.2 Clinical Features 4.3 Histopathological Features 4.4 Laboratory Investigations 4.5 Differential Diagnoses 4.5.1 Genetically High Frontal Hairline 4.5.2 Androgenetic Alopecia 4.5.3 Alopecia Areata 4.5.4 Lupus Erythematosus 4.5.5 Traction Alopecia 4.6 Management 4.7 PFFA and the Ageing Follicles 4.7.1 Senescent Alopecia and PFFA 4.7.2 Androgenetic Alopecia and PFFA 4.7.3 Fibrosing Alopecia and Pattern Hair Loss 4.7.4 PFFA and Pattern Hair Loss 4.8 Conclusions References 157326_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 5 Female Pattern Hair Loss 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Clinical Features 5.3 Prevalence 5.4 Pathology 5.5 Etiology 5.5.1 Age 5.5.2 Androgens 5.5.3 Genetics 5.6 Management 5.6.1 Diagnosis 5.6.2 Investigation 5.6.3 Treatment 5.6.3.1 Minoxidil 5.6.3.2 Antiandrogens 5.6.3.3 Surgery 5.6.3.4 Cosmesis 5.7 Summary References 157326_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 6 Hair Growth Parameters in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Menopause 6.1.2 Estrogens and the Hair Follicle 6.1.3 Clinical Observations 6.1.4 Measurements of Hair Growth Parameters 6.2 Subjects and Methods 6.3 Results 6.3.1 Demographics 6.3.2 Hair Growth Rate 6.3.3 Hair Density 6.3.4 Percent Anagen Hairs 6.3.5 Hair Diameters 6.4 Discussion Take-Home Pearls References 157326_1_En_7_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 7 Comparative Histopathology of Androgenetic Alopecia, Diffuse Alopecia, and Senescent Alopecia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Histopathology 7.3 Discussion Take Home Pearls References 157326_1_En_8_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 8 Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of Senescent and Androgenetic Alopecia Using Microarray Analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Differences Between AGA and SA 8.2 Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of AGA and SA by Microarray Analysis 8.2.1 Differentially Regulated Genes in AGA 8.2.2 Differentially Regulated Genes in SA 8.3 Discussion References 157326_1_En_9_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 9 The Aging Hair Pigmentary Unit Core Message 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Origin of Hair Follicle Melanocytes 9.3 Cutaneous Melanocyte Subpopulations and Implications for Hair Aging 9.4 The Hair Growth Cycle and Its Implications for Aging of the Hair Pigmentary Unit 9.5 Aging of Melanocytes and Its Implications for the Aging Hair Follicle Pigmentary Unit 9.6 Molecular Mechanisms of Melanocyte Aging 9.7 Is the Very High Melanin Production Rate of Hair Melanocytes a Problem? 9.8 Histopathology of Hair Graying (Canities) 9.9 Melanocyte Loss from the Aging Hair Follicles and Its Impact on the Hair Follicle 9.10 Conclusion References 157326_1_En_10_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 10 Oxidative Stress Associated Melanocyte-Loss and Hair Growth Capacity in the Aging Hair Follicle: A Model for Tissue-Specific 10.1 Matching the Aging and the Graying Process: Common Pathways of Steady Decline or Easy Way Out? 10.2 Decline of a Supportive Growth Factor Milieu 10.3 Anti-Oxidative Defense of the Aging Hair Follicle 10.4 Selective Mitochondrial Deletion and Aging of the Hair Follicle Pigmentary Unit 10.5 Survival of the Melanocyte Stem Cell Pool in the Hair Follicle 10.6 The Role of Psychoemotional Stress for the Graying Process 10.7 Finding Ways Out of the Stress References 157326_1_En_11_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 11 Human Hair Follicle Melanocytes as a Proxy Cell Type in Neurodegeneration Research 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Current Neuronal Models 11.3 Difficulties with Current Neuronal Models 11.4 Melanocytes as a Neural/Neuronal Cell Model 11.5 Similarities Between Melanocytes, Other Neural Cells, and Neurons 11.6 Age-Related Loss of Pigment in Hair and Skin 11.7 Melanocyte and Neuronal Cell Apoptosis: Utilization of the C-Kit and P75NTR Receptor Signaling Systems 11.8 Melanocyte and Neuronal Cell Sensitivity to Oxidative Damage 11.9 Calcium Homeostasis and Melanocyte and Neuronal Cell Death by Apoptosis 11.10 Conclusion References 157326_1_En_12_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 12 Effect of UV Radiation on Scalp and Hair Growth Core Message 12.1 UV Radiation 12.2 UV Scalp Weathering 12.3 Hair Melatonin Connection 12.4 UV Spectrum and the Scalp 12.5 Speckled Perifollicular Melanoderma 12.6 Teloptosis, Hair Eclipse Phenomenon, and Actinic Telogen Effluvium 12.7 Photosensitive Scalp Disorders 12.8 Androgenetic Alopecia and Stress-Induced Premature Senescence of the Scalp 12.9 Trichodynia 12.10 Actinic Field Cancerogenesis 12.11 Hair Shaft Photodamage 12.12 Conclusion Take Home Pearls References 157326_1_En_13_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 13 Hair Photoaging 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Photochemical Changes of Hair 13.2.1 Protein Damage 13.2.2 Pigment Change 13.2.3 Photoaging According to Different Light Spectra 13.3 Pathomechanism of Photoaging 13.4 Main Features of Photoaging 13.5 Photodamage to Integral Hair Lipid References 157326_1_En_14_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 14 Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Hair 14.1 Faces Going Up in Smoke 14.2 Smoking Out the Hair 14.3 Another Opportunity for Health Education Against Smoking? References 157326_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 15 Age-Related General Problems Affecting the Condition of Hair 15.1 Aging Hair 15.2 Rare Premature Aging Syndromes 15.2.1 Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria 15.2.2 Werner’s Syndrome 15.2.3 Rothmund–Thomson Syndrome 15.3 Nutritional Deficiency in the Elderly 15.3.1 Protein-Calorie Malnutrition 15.3.2 Biotin Deficiency 15.3.3 Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) 15.3.4 Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Pernicious Anemia) 15.3.5 Niacin Deficiency (Pellagra) 15.3.6 Deficiency of Essential Fatty Acids 15.3.7 Iron Deficiency 15.3.8 Zinc Deficiency (Acrodermatitis Enteropathica) 15.3.9 Copper Deficiency 15.3.10 Selenium Deficiency 15.3.11 Amino Acids 15.3.12 Aging and Diet 15.4 Endocrine Disease in the Elderly 15.4.1 Effect of Menopause on Hair 15.4.2 Thyroid Disorders 15.4.3 Adrenal Disorders 15.4.4 Pituitary Disorders 15.4.5 Hormonal Treatments for Anti-Aging 15.5 Psychological Disorders in the Elderly 15.5.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 15.5.2 Depressive Disorder 15.5.3 Adjustment Disorders 15.5.4 Delusional Disorder 15.5.5 Cutaneous Sensory Disorders 15.5.6 Factitious Disorder 15.5.7 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 15.5.8 Body Dysmorphic Disorder 15.5.9 Dementia 15.6 Drug-Related Problems in the Elderly 15.6.1 Drug-Induced Alopecia 15.6.2 Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia 15.7 Multimorbidity References 157326_1_En_16_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 16 Aging of Scalp and Age-Related Disorders of Scalp 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Appearance of Aging Scalp 16.3 The Aging Scalp Under the Microscope 16.4 The Mechanism of Aging 16.5 Intrinsic Aging 16.5.1 Telomeres 16.5.2 Oxidative Stress 16.6 Extrinsic Aging 16.6.1 Other External Factors 16.7 Seborrheic Keratosis 16.7.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.7.2 Clinical Features 16.7.3 Histology 16.7.4 Management 16.8 Actinic Keratosis (AK) 16.8.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.8.2 Clinical Features 16.8.3 Histology 16.8.4 Treatment 16.8.5 Low Number Lesions 16.8.5.1 Cryotherapy 16.8.5.2 Curettage and Surgical Excision 16.8.6 “Field Change”/Multiple lesions 16.8.6.1 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 16.8.6.2 Imiquimod 16.8.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 16.8.6.4 Diclofenac Gel 16.8.6.5 Retinoids 16.8.6.6 Other Physical Therapies 16.9 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Bowen’s Disease 16.9.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.9.2 Clinical Features 16.9.3 Histology 16.9.4 Treatment 16.9.4.1 Bowen’s Disease 16.9.4.2 SCC 16.10 Basal Cell Carcinoma 16.10.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.10.2 Clinical Features 16.10.3 Histology 16.10.4 Management 16.11 Melanoma 16.11.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.11.2 Clinical Features and Histology 16.11.3 Treatment 16.12 Angiosarcoma 16.12.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.12.2 Clinical Features 16.12.3 Histology 16.12.4 Management 16.13 Erosive Pustular Dermatosis 16.13.1 Epidemiology and Etiology 16.13.2 Clinical Features 16.13.3 Histology 16.13.4 Management References 157326_1_En_17_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 17 Care of Aging Hair and Photoprotection 17.1 Introduction: Aging Hair 17.2 Maintaining Healthy Hair 17.2.1 Hair Shampoos 17.2.2 Hair Conditioners 17.3 Hair Photoprotection 17.4 Summary References 157326_1_En_18_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 18 Possibilities and Limitations for Reversal of Age-Related Hair Loss 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Senescent Alopecia 18.3 Androgenetic Alopecia 18.4 Medical Treatment Options for Senescent Alopecia and Androgenetic Alopecia of the Older Patient 18.4.1 Minoxidil 18.4.2 Finasteride 18.4.3 Dutasteride 18.4.4 Low-Level Light Therapy 18.4.5 Hair Restoration Surgery 18.4.6 Wigs and Hairpieces 18.4.7 Cosmetic Agents 18.5 Other Noninflammatory Causes and Treatment Options for Hair Loss in the Aging Patient 18.5.1 Telogen Effluvium 18.5.2 Anagen Effluvium 18.6 Inflammatory Cause and Treatment Option of Hair Loss in the Aging Patient 18.6.1 Alopecia Areata 18.6.2 Primary Cicatricial Alopecias 18.6.2.1 Lichen Planopilaris 18.6.2.2 Pseudopelade of Brocq and Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia 18.6.2.3  Treatment Options References 157326_1_En_19_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 19 Possibilities and Limitations for Reversal of Age-Related Pigment Loss 19.1 Natural Hair Graying 19.2 Premature Hair Graying 19.3 Graying Due to Nutritional Deficiencies 19.4 Graying Induced by Drugs 19.5 Reversal of Hair Graying 19.6 Hair Colorants 19.7 Future Developments 19.8 Concluding Remarks References 157326_1_En_20_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 20 Evidence-Based Hair Transplantation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Indications and Planning 20.3 Techniques 20.3.1 Donor Hair Harvesting and Follicular Unit Dissection 20.3.2 Recipient Site Creation and Density 20.3.3 Hairline Design and Graft Placing 20.3.4 Postoperative Care and Results 20.4 Conclusion and Outlook References 157326_1_En_21_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 21 Future Directions: Gene Polymorphism Diagnostics Relevant to Hair 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Complex Human Disorders 21.2.1 Single Gene Disorders 21.2.2 Oligogenic Disorders 21.2.3 Polygenic Disorders 21.3 Androgenetic Alopecia as a Complex Disorder 21.4 The Complexity of the Human Genome 21.4.1 Genes and the Proteins They Produce 21.4.2 Regulation of the Genome by Non-Coding DNA 21.4.3 Regulation of AR by Non-Coding DNA and Relevance to Androgenetic Alopecia 21.4.4 Regulation of Genes by Non-Sequence-Based Mechanisms – Epigenetics 21.4.5 Epigenetics and Androgenetic Alopecia 21.4.6 Complex Genome, Complex Disorders 21.5 Bench to Headside: Translating Genetic Research into Patient Care 21.5.1 Applications of the Genetic Risk Profile of a Heritable Disorder to Patient Care 21.5.2 The Future: What An Androgenetic Alopecia Risk Profile Might Look Like 21.5.2.1 Prediction of Risk 21.5.2.2 Prevention 21.5.2.3 Diagnosis 21.5.2.4 Targeted Treatment Development 21.5.2.5 Pharmacogenomics 21.5.3 The Present: What Can We Do with the Current Knowledge? 21.6 Conclusions References 157326_1_En_22_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 22 Future Directions: The Known and Unknown Roles of Hair-Follicle Stem Cell Types 22.1 Introduction 22.1.1 The Hair-Follicle Cycle of Growth, Differentiation, and Death 22.1.2 Imaging Hair-Follicle Stem Cells In Vivo with GFP 22.1.3 Hair-Follicle Stem Cells Can Form New Follicles and Epidermal Cells 22.1.4 Blood Vessels Derived from Hair-Follicle Stem Cells 22.1.5 Differentiation of Hair-follicle Stem Cells to Neural and Other Cell Types 22.1.6 Hair-Follicle Stem Cells Can Effect Nerve Repair 22.1.7 Hair-Follicle Stem Cells Can Effect Spinal Cord Repair 22.1.8 Location of Pluripotent and Monopotent Hair-Follicle Stem Cells in the Mouse 22.1.9 Location of Pluripotent and Monopotent Hair-Follicle Stem Cells in the Human 22.2 Conclusions References 157326_1_En_23_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 23 Future Directions: Bioengineering the Hair Follicle 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Hair Follicle Morphogenesis, Hair Cycle, and Stem Cells in the Skin 23.3 Generating Hair Follicles from Skin Fragments 23.4 Generating a New Hair Follicle from Dissociated Cells, In Vitro 23.5 Generating a New Hair Follicle from Dissociated Cells, In Vivo 23.6 Generating a New Hair Follicle from Dissociated Cells Involving In Vitro and In Vivo Steps 23.7 Mechanism of New Follicle Formation from Dissociated Cells and Origin of Constitutive Cells 23.8 Challenges for Folliculoneogenesis in the Clinic and the Aging Patient 23.9 Future Challenges and Expectations References 157326_1_En_24_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 24 Hair After Death 24.1 Introduction 24.2 General Postmortem Change to Tissues 24.3 Soft Tissue Change in Skin and Hair Follicle 24.4 Hair Fiber Biogenesis 24.5 Survival and Recovery of Hair from Different Depositional Environments 24.6 Significance of Hair in Forensic Investigation 24.7 Biogenic Information from Archeological Hair 24.8 Taphonomic Considerations for Hair After Death 24.9 Conclusions References 157326_1_En_1_BookBackmatter_OnlinePDF.pdf