Medieval Europe: A Short History
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Cover Page......Page 1 Half Title Page......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 About the Author......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Abbreviations and Conventions......Page 12 Biographical Sketches......Page 13 Medieval Myths......Page 14 Timelines......Page 15 Maps......Page 16 List of Figures......Page 17 Preface......Page 20 INTRODUCTION......Page 24 The Early Middle Ages......Page 27 The Roman Peace (31 B.C.E.–180 C.E.) and After......Page 28 Christianity......Page 31 Barbarians and the Western Empire......Page 42 The Decline of the Western Empire......Page 48 Conclusion......Page 50 Early Medieval Society......Page 51 Early Medieval Politics......Page 56 The Early Medieval Church......Page 63 Intellectual Life......Page 71 Conclusion......Page 73 Introduction......Page 74 From Eastern to Byzantine Empire......Page 75 The Byzantine Centuries......Page 82 The Ascent of Islam......Page 88 The Islamic Empire......Page 93 Islamic Culture......Page 100 Conclusion......Page 102 Introduction......Page 103 The Early Carolingians......Page 105 Charlemagne (r. 768–814)......Page 111 Intellectual Revival......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 123 Division: The Later Carolingians......Page 125 Invasion: Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings......Page 127 Reorganization: New Polities......Page 134 Conclusion......Page 153 The Central Middle Ages......Page 154 Agricultural Revolution......Page 162 Rural Society......Page 164 The Commercial Revolution......Page 173 Urban Society......Page 179 The Landholding Aristocracy......Page 185 Feudal Society......Page 186 Conclusion......Page 189 Introduction......Page 190 Papacy, Clergy, and Laity, c. 1000–1122......Page 191 The Reformed Papacy and Its Church......Page 198 Innocent III and the Papacy Ascendant......Page 207 The Papacy after 1250......Page 210 Conclusion......Page 212 Judaism......Page 213 The Evolution of Christian Piety......Page 214 Orthodoxy and Heresy......Page 220 Changes in Monastic Life......Page 222 The Mendicant Orders......Page 228 Conclusion......Page 233 Introduction......Page 234 Conquests and Territorial Expansion......Page 235 Crusades......Page 244 Persecutions......Page 254 Conclusion......Page 258 Introduction......Page 259 The Holy Roman Empire: Disintegration......Page 260 England: King and Parliament......Page 271 France: The Monarchy Triumphant......Page 281 Iberia: Some Consolidation......Page 290 Conclusion......Page 291 Introduction......Page 292 Byzantine and Islamic Influences......Page 293 Intellectual Trends......Page 294 Literature......Page 306 Architecture and Sculpture......Page 313 Conclusion......Page 319 The Later Middle Ages......Page 320 Economic Woes and Demographic Crisis (1300–1350)......Page 324 Adjustment and Recovery (1350–1500)......Page 329 Late Medieval Christianity......Page 336 Conclusion......Page 344 Introduction......Page 345 England, France, and the Hundred Years’ War......Page 346 England: Parliament, Civil War, and Tudor Monarchy......Page 350 France: Constitutional Crisis, War, and the Spider King......Page 352 The Iberian States: Consolidation through Homogenization......Page 355 New Powers on the European Periphery......Page 358 The Heritage of the Holy Roman Empire......Page 361 Conclusion......Page 364 Introduction......Page 367 Literacy and Vernacular Languages......Page 368 Humanist Education......Page 370 Literature......Page 373 Art and Architecture......Page 375 Philosophy......Page 377 Political Thought......Page 382 Conclusion......Page 383 GLOSSARY......Page 386 Photo Credits......Page 396 Index......Page 398
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