Emergency radiology : the requisites

Description

Front Cover......Page 1 IFC......Page 2 Series Page......Page 4 Emergency Radiology: The Requisites......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contributors......Page 9 Foreword......Page 11 Preface......Page 13 Acknowledgments......Page 15 Contents......Page 17 INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY......Page 21 Epidural Hemorrhage......Page 22 Subdural Collections......Page 23 Intraventricular Hemorrhage......Page 26 Contusion......Page 27 Diffuse Axonal Injury......Page 28 BRAIN HERNIATIONS......Page 30 ACUTE CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS......Page 31 Hemorrhagic Stroke: Spontaneous Parenchymal Hemorrhage......Page 32 Magnetic Resonance: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging......Page 34 Magnetic Resonance Angiography......Page 36 Computed Tomography: Perfusion Imaging......Page 37 Cortical Laminar Necrosis......Page 39 ANEURYSMS, VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, AND VASCULAR INJURIES......Page 40 Spontaneous Cervical Dissection......Page 41 Traumatic Cervicocerebral Injuries......Page 42 OTHER NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL EMERGENCIES......Page 44 Hydrocephalus......Page 45 Meningitis......Page 46 Brain Parenchymal Infection......Page 47 Abscess......Page 48 Tumors......Page 50 Disorders of White Matter......Page 52 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy......Page 54 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome......Page 55 Toxic Encephalopathy......Page 56 Skull Fractures......Page 57 Orbital Blow-Out Fractures......Page 59 Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures......Page 60 Le Fort Fractures......Page 61 Mandibular Trauma......Page 62 Temporal Bone Fractures......Page 63 INFECTIONS......Page 65 Retropharyngeal Infection......Page 66 Salivary Gland Disorders......Page 67 Thyroid-Related Disorders......Page 68 Branchial Cleft Cysts......Page 69 Lymphadenopathy......Page 70 Sinus and Orbital Infections......Page 71 Ear Infections......Page 75 Complicated Dental Disease......Page 77 SUMMARY: HEAD AND NECK......Page 78 INJURIES OF THE PLEURAL SPACE......Page 81 AORTIC AND GREAT VESSEL INJURIES......Page 82 LUNG INJURIES AND LUNG CONTUSION......Page 84 LUNG LACERATION......Page 85 TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURIES......Page 87 DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURIES......Page 91 INJURIES OF THE THORACIC SKELETON......Page 95 Computed Tomography Technique......Page 101 Computed Tomography......Page 105 Computed Tomography......Page 108 SPLENIC TRAUMA......Page 109 Computed Tomography......Page 111 PANCREATIC INJURY......Page 112 BOWEL AND MESENTERIC INJURY......Page 115 FREE PERITONEAL FLUID......Page 120 Renal Injury......Page 122 Computed Tomography......Page 123 Ureteral Injury......Page 124 ADRENAL TRAUMA......Page 125 Bladder Trauma......Page 126 CT Cystography......Page 127 Types of Bladder Rupture......Page 128 Diagnosis Retrograde Urethrogram......Page 129 Rectal Injury......Page 130 PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA......Page 131 Computed Tomography......Page 132 FRACTURES OF THE CLAVICLE......Page 135 ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURIES......Page 136 FLOATING SHOULDER......Page 137 Posterior Dislocation......Page 138 Fractures of the Proximal Humerus......Page 139 The Fat Pad Sign......Page 142 Fractures Around the Elbow in Children......Page 144 Dislocations of the Elbow......Page 145 Abnormal Pronator Quadratus Sign......Page 146 Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation......Page 148 Fractures of the Distal Radius......Page 149 Scaphoid Fractures......Page 152 Hamate Fractures......Page 153 Carpal Dislocations......Page 154 Thumb Fractures and Dislocations......Page 156 Dislocations of the Carpometacarpal Joints......Page 157 Metacarpal Fractures......Page 158 Phalangeal Fractures......Page 159 Pelvic Ring Disruption......Page 160 Associated Pelvic Injuries......Page 162 Transverse Plus Posterior Wall Fractures......Page 163 Hip Dislocations......Page 164 Fractures of the Femoral Neck......Page 165 Fractures of the Distal Femur......Page 167 Fractures of the Patella......Page 168 Fractures of the Tibial Plateau......Page 171 Tibial Plafond (Pilon) Fractures......Page 174 Fractures of the Talus......Page 176 Fractures of the Calcaneus......Page 179 Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) Injuries......Page 181 Metatarsal Fractures......Page 182 Volumetric (Three-Dimensional) Reconstruction and Image Postprocessing......Page 183 Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease......Page 185 Rotator Cuff Abnormalities and Impingement......Page 186 Osteolysis......Page 188 Glenohumeral Joint Disease (Arthropathy and Adhesive Capsulitis)......Page 189 THE PAINFUL HIP......Page 190 Insufficiency Fractures......Page 191 Transient Bone Marrow Edema and Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip......Page 192 Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head......Page 193 Arthropathies......Page 194 APPENDICULAR MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTION......Page 196 Soft Tissue Infection......Page 197 Infectious Arthritis......Page 198 Acute Osteomyelitis......Page 200 Foreign Bodies......Page 203 Infected Orthopedic Hardware......Page 204 High Obstruction......Page 206 Low Obstruction......Page 207 Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 208 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis......Page 210 Malrotation......Page 211 Intussusception......Page 213 Acute Appendicitis......Page 214 Meckel Diverticulum......Page 215 Mesenteric Adenitis......Page 216 Urinary Tract Infection......Page 217 Hydronephrosis......Page 218 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction......Page 219 Scrotal Hernia......Page 220 Torsion of the Testicular Appendages......Page 221 Adnexal Torsion......Page 222 Hematocolpos/Hematometrocolpos......Page 223 Air Block Complications......Page 224 Neonatal Pneumonia......Page 225 Retropharyngeal Abscess......Page 226 Foreign Body......Page 227 Bronchiolitis......Page 228 Pneumothorax......Page 229 Skull Fractures......Page 230 Meningitis/Encephalitis......Page 231 Mastoiditis......Page 232 Salter-Harris Fractures......Page 234 Plastic Bending Fractures......Page 235 Elbow Fractures......Page 236 Hip Pain......Page 237 Nonaccidental Injury......Page 238 Background and Imaging Algorithms......Page 241 Injuries of the Cervicocranium......Page 243 Atlantoaxial Dissociation......Page 245 Hyperflexion......Page 246 Axial Loading......Page 248 Injury Severity, Stability, and Treatment Decisions......Page 250 Injuries of the Thoracolumbar Spine......Page 251 Spinal Hematomas......Page 254 NONTRAUMATIC SPINE EMERGENCIES......Page 256 Neoplasms and Tumorlike Conditions......Page 257 Infection......Page 260 Vascular......Page 261 Heart Failure......Page 263 Computed Tomography of the Pulmonary Parenchyma......Page 266 Contrast Material Timing Principles and Techniques. Care must be taken to optimize the timing of the CT scan relative to the inj.........Page 267 Image Reconstruction. The following image reconstructions should be performed routinely......Page 268 Aortic Dissection Computed Tomography Angiography. Traditional dissection CTA protocols include the following elements......Page 269 Pneumothorax......Page 271 Hemothorax......Page 272 Malignancy......Page 273 SVC Syndrome......Page 274 Infectious Aortitis......Page 275 Aortic Dissection......Page 276 Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer......Page 278 Normal Graft Postoperative Findings......Page 280 Thoracic Aortic Stent-Grafts......Page 281 Stent-Graft Complications......Page 282 Chest Radiograph......Page 283 Diagnostic Criteria for CTPA. The following CTPA findings are used as diagnostic criteria for acute PE......Page 284 Prognostic Factors for CTPA. The main cause of 30-day mortality after acute PE is right ventricular failure. Therefore, identify.........Page 285 Ventilation-Perfusion Scan......Page 286 MR Pulmonary Angiography. The routine use of MRPA in the evaluation of PE has been limited by technical and practical factors. I.........Page 288 Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 289 Right Coronary Artery......Page 290 Left Anterior Descending......Page 291 Left Circumflex......Page 292 Coronary Artery Anomalies......Page 295 Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging......Page 297 Combined Evaluation of the Aorta and Pulmonary and Coronary Arteries......Page 298 Gastric Outlet Obstruction......Page 301 Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction......Page 302 Small Bowel Volvulus......Page 303 Colonic Obstruction......Page 305 Infectious Small Bowel Enteritis......Page 306 Appendicitis......Page 307 Omental Infarction......Page 310 Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Colon......Page 311 Foreign Bodies......Page 314 PANCREATICOBILIARY DISEASE......Page 316 Imaging Findings......Page 317 Imaging Findings......Page 318 Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis......Page 319 Imaging Findings......Page 320 Choledocholithiasis......Page 321 Focal Hepatic Infections......Page 322 Imaging Findings......Page 323 Imaging Findings......Page 324 Renal Abscess......Page 325 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis......Page 326 Imaging Findings......Page 327 Renal Infarct......Page 328 Splenic Infarction......Page 329 Imaging Findings......Page 330 Imaging Findings......Page 331 Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage......Page 332 Imaging Findings......Page 333 Urinary Obstruction......Page 334 CONCLUSION......Page 335 Epididymitis and Orchitis......Page 336 Inguinal Scrotal Hernia......Page 337 Prostatitis......Page 338 Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst......Page 339 Ovarian Torsion......Page 340 Disorders of the Fallopian Tubes......Page 341 Endometritis......Page 342 Ectopic Pregnancy......Page 343 Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding......Page 344 Conclusion......Page 345 Trauma of the Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arteries......Page 347 Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries......Page 349 Nontraumatic Aneurysms of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta......Page 354 Traumatic Abdominal Aortic Injury......Page 362 Nontraumatic Aortic Dissection......Page 364 Acute Abdominal Aortic Occlusion......Page 365 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome......Page 366 Splanchnic Vascular Trauma......Page 367 Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Mesenteric and Visceral Vasculature......Page 368 Traumatic Injury of the Renal Arteries......Page 370 Nontraumatic Renal Arterial Emergencies......Page 371 Trauma of the Pelvic Arteries......Page 373 Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Iliac Arteries......Page 374 Arterial Injury of the Upper Extremities......Page 376 Nontraumatic Arterial Emergencies of the Upper Extremities......Page 377 Arterial Trauma of the Lower Extremities......Page 378 Nontraumatic Acute Lower Extremity Limb Ischemia......Page 379 Aneurysms of the Lower Extremities......Page 381 Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction......Page 382 Portal Vein Thrombosis......Page 383 Hepatic Vein Obstruction......Page 384 Venous Emergencies of the Pelvis and Lower Extremities......Page 385 12 - Emergency Nuclear Radiology......Page 389 Technetium-99m......Page 390 Indium-111......Page 391 IMAGING EQUIPMENT......Page 392 Radiopharmaceuticals and Techniques......Page 393 Perfusion......Page 394 Radiolabeled Aerosols. Radiolabeled aerosols are the agents most often used to study ventilator function. Aerosol studies do not.........Page 395 Chest Radiograph. It is good practice to obtain a radiograph within 24 hours of performing the ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scan. .........Page 396 Repeat Scans. Because the perfusion picture can evolve over the ensuing weeks or months, it is advisable to repeat the study aft.........Page 398 BRAIN DEATH......Page 399 Interpretation......Page 400 Leukocyte Labeling......Page 401 Technetium Methylene Diphosphonate......Page 402 Technetium Sulfur Colloid......Page 403 Abdominal Abscesses......Page 404 Osteomyelitis......Page 405 TRAUMA AND BONE INFARCTION......Page 406 Technique......Page 407 Hepatobiliary Agents—Mechanism......Page 408 Biliary Atresia Versus Neonatal Hepatitis......Page 409 Radiopharmaceuticals and Technique......Page 410 CONCLUSION......Page 412 A......Page 415 B......Page 416 C......Page 417 D......Page 418 F......Page 419 G......Page 420 I......Page 421 L......Page 422 N......Page 423 P......Page 424 S......Page 425 T......Page 426 U......Page 427 Z......Page 428 IBC......Page 429