The Palgrave Handbook of Disability Sport in Europe: Policies, Structures and Participation

Description

This handbook explores the various ways in which disability sport is governed and organised across Europe, as well as examining the extent to which persons with a disability participate in sport at the grassroots level. Based upon a solid theoretical framework and up-to-date data, the 19 country-specific chapters in this handbook give a comparative overview of the structuring, steering and supporting elements of disability sport policy and sport participation levels amongst persons with a disability, as well as the extent to which countries adopt policies to promote inclusion in sport in this population. A multitude of authors also identify the various methods and challenges in collecting sport participation data with regard to persons with a disability. This handbook will be a valuable resource for academic study across a range of sport and disability related programs, as well as a point of reference for researchers and policymakers working in this area. Foreword by the President of IFAPA Foreword by the President of EUFAPA Foreword by the President of EASS Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Introduction: Sport Participation a Human Right for Persons with a Disability 1.1 Aim and Key Benefits 1.2 Outline and Short Introduction of Terms Use of Terms 1.3 Comparative Approach of the Handbook Country Profile Structure of Disability Sport Steering of Disability Sport Support of Disability Sport Integration or Inclusion in Sport of Persons with a Disability Sport Participation by Persons with a Disability Barriers and Facilitators Towards Sport Participation by Persons with a Disability Chapter Conclusions 1.4 Selection of Countries References Chapter 2: Understanding Disability, Disability Sport and Inclusion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Why Are Persons with a Disability Excluded from Society? 2.3 Theories and Models to Assist in the Understanding Why ‘Disability’ Exists Medical Model Social Model Relational Model Human Rights Model Affirmative Model Biopsychosocial Model Ableism Disableism Internalised Ableism 2.4 Language and Disability ‘Disabled Person’ or ‘Person with a Disability’? Able-Bodied or Non-Disabled? 2.5 Disability in This Handbook Relevance to the Handbook 2.6 How Many People Have a Disability? Measuring Disability Is Difficult Disability in Europe 2.7 What Is Meant by Disability Sport? Sport ‘Disability Sport’ or ‘Sport for Persons with a Disability’? 2.8 How Inclusive Is Sport for Persons with a Disability? What Do We Mean by Inclusion? Differing Interpretations of Inclusion 2.9 How Do We Define the System of Disability Sport? References Chapter 3: Participation in Sport and Physical Activity Amongst People with a Disability: A Pan-European Comparative Approach 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and Methods 3.3 Results Participation in Physical Activity, (Club-organised) Sport and Fitness Participation in (Club-organised) Sport and Fitness at National and Regional Level Participation in Different Modes of Physical Activity and Sport According to Some Social Background Characteristics 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Denmark: Disability Sports Policy at Arm’s Length 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Denmark Sport in Denmark Disability in Denmark Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Denmark 4.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Support Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 4.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation A Closer Look at the Sports Clubs Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Finland: Facts Behind the Long and Complicated Process of Disability Inclusion in Sports 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Finland Sport in Finland Disability in Finland Emergence of Disability Sport in Finland 5.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sports (Fig. 5.2) Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Inclusion Barriers and Facilitators of the Disability Sport System and Policy 5.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators of Sport Participation from the Individual Point of View 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Disability and Sport in Iceland 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Iceland Sport in Iceland Disability in Iceland The Emergence of Disability Sport in Iceland 6.3 The Disability Sport System in Iceland Structure of Disability Sport The Organisation of Disability Sport in Iceland Governmental Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance, and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 6.4 Sport Participation by People with Disability Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Norway 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Norway Sport in Norway Sport Profile and Levels of Participation Disability in Norway Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Norway 7.3 The Disability Sport Within the System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support 7.4 Sport Participation Paralympic Top-Level Sport General Disability Sport Participation 7.5 The Integration Process Level of Inclusion New Terminology Experiences with the Integration Process Gains of the Inclusive Model Barriers 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Beyond Inclusion: Opportunity Structures in Sports for All in Sweden 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Sweden Sport in Sweden Disability in Sweden Emergence of Disability Sports in Sweden 8.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sports Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sports Relationships Legislative Framework National Policy Framework Regional Sports Policy and Support for Sports for PWD Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 8.4 Sports Participation by PWD Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Ireland 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Country Profile Characteristics of the Republic of Ireland (ROI) Sport in Ireland Disability in Ireland Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Ireland 9.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 9.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Northern Ireland: Disability Sport in a Shared Space 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Northern Ireland Sport in Northern Ireland Disability in Northern Ireland Emergence of Disability Sport in Northern Ireland 10.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediary Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration and Inclusion 10.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Participation Frequency Type of Sport Club Membership Other Sport Contexts Comparison with Participation of General Population Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 10.5 Conclusion References Chapter 11: United Kingdom: An Inclusionary Approach to Sport 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Country Profile Characteristics of the UK Sport in the UK Disability in the UK Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in the UK 11.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 11.4 Sport Participation by Disabled People Monitoring and Evaluation Active Lives Adult Active Lives Children and Young People Sport Participation Sport Participation (Adults Aged 16+) Sport Participation (Children and Young People Aged 5–16) Sport Participation by Sport Type (Adults Aged 16+) Sport Participation by Region (Adults Aged 16+) Sport Participation by Impairment (Adults Aged 16+) Sport Participation by Club Membership (Adults Aged 16+) Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Austria: Half Way to Inclusion? 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Austria Sports in Austria Disability in Austria Rise of Disability Sports in Austria 12.3 The Disability Sports System Structure of Disability Sports (Fig. 12.2) Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 12.4 Sports Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sports Participation Membership in Disability Sports Empirical Data on Sports Participation of People with Disabilities 12.5 Conclusion Appendix: ATHIS Items (English Version) References List of Laws Chapter 13: Disability Sport in Belgium/Flanders: From a Fragmented Mosaic Towards a More Inclusive Landscape 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Belgium Sport in Belgium Disability in Belgium Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Belgium 13.3 The Disability Sports System in Belgium/Flanders Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Support of Disability Sport Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 13.4 Sports Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Procedure Sports Participation Frequency Type of Sport Inclusion in Mainstream Sport Club Membership Sports Participation and Sports Preference According to Demographic Background Sports Participation by People with Disabilities in the French Community and the German-Speaking Community of Belgium Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 13.5 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Complexity and Coexistence: Disability Sport in Germany 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Germany Sport in Germany Disability in Germany Emergence of Disability Sport in Germany 14.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 14.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15: The Netherlands: Towards Inclusive Sport for People with a Disability 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Country Profile Characteristics of the Netherlands Sport Profile of the Netherlands Disability in the Netherlands Emergence of Disability Sport in the Netherlands 15.3 The Current Organisation of Disability Sport Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediary Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Support of Disability Sport Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration 15.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Weekly Participation in Sport Recreational Cycling and Walking Participation by Socio-demographic and Health Variables Sport Participation Details Type of Sport Persons with Intellectual Disability Children with Disabilities Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 15.5 Conclusion References Chapter 16: Switzerland 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Switzerland Sport in Switzerland Disability in Switzerland Emergence and Rise of Disability Sport in Switzerland 16.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance, and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 16.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Participation in Sport Clubs Sport Participation Frequency Sport and Club Participation Form Sport Type Type of Sport Club Participation by Type of Impairment or Disability Volunteering Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Hungary: Rise of Attention Given to Disability Sports 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Hungary Sport in Hungary Disability in Hungary Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Hungary 17.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Level of Integration of Inclusion 17.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators 17.5 Conclusion References Laws and Documents Chapter 18: Disability Sport in Lithuania 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Lithuania Sport in Lithuania Disability in Lithuania Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Lithuania 18.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration of Inclusion 18.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 18.5 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Structure of the Analysis on the Development and Situation of Disability Sports Policy in Slovenia 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Slovenia Sport in Slovenia Disability in Slovenia Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Slovenia 19.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Relationships Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Inclusion 19.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Portugal: Pathways of Sport for People with Disabilities 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Portugal Sport in Portugal Disability in Portugal Emergence or Rise of Disability Sport in Portugal 20.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Secondary Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Support Level of Integration or Inclusion 20.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 20.5 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Disability Sport in Spain 21.1 Country Profile Spain’s Characteristics Sport in Spain Disability in Spain Emergence of Disability Sport in Spain 21.2 The Organisation of Disability Sport in Spain Structure Governmental Agents Intermediate Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering Legislative Framework Policy Framework Support Financial Framework Governance and Management Level of Integration 21.3 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities in Spain Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators 21.4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Chapter 22: Turkey (Republic of Turkey): Disability Sports, Policies and Implementations 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Country Profile Characteristics of Turkey Sport in Turkey Disability in Turkey Rise of Disability Sport in Turkey 22.3 The Disability Sport System Structure of Disability Sport Governmental Agents Non-governmental Agents Steering of Disability Sport Legislative Framework Policy Framework Financial, Governance and Managerial Support Level of Integration and Inclusion 22.4 Sport Participation by People with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Sport Participation Barriers and Facilitators Barriers Facilitators 22.5 Conclusion References Chapter 23: The Landscape of Sport for Persons with a Disability: A System Within a System 23.1 Introduction Making Comparisons 23.2 Disability Is Part of the Human Condition 23.3 Long History of Organising Sport for Persons with a Disability 23.4 The Structure and Steering of Sport for Persons with a Disability Organisational Landscape of Sport for Persons with a Disability: Unique, But Complex Governmental Agents at the National Level Governmental Agents at the Regional Level Governmental Agents at the Local Level Intermediate Agents as Linking Pin Non-governmental Agents at the National Level Non-governmental Agents at the Regional Level Non-governmental Agents at the Local Level Partnerships and Consultants at the Regional and Local Levels Secondary Agents Typologies of Governing Disability Sport The Steering of Sport for Persons with a Disability: Negotiating Interests Laws and Regulations Policies in Regard to Persons with a Disability Relationships Between the Various Agents Integration and Inclusion: Important Elements in Policy and Provision of Disability Sport 23.5 Sport Participation by Persons with Disabilities Monitoring and Evaluation Is Not Structurally Embedded in the Policy-Making Process Different Types of Population Surveys or Studies Surveys Targeting Children with a Disability Surveys Among Sports Clubs Registration Data from Sport Federations and Clubs Indicative Remarks on Sport Participation (Details) Amongst Persons with a Disability Challenges in Data Collection Barriers and Facilitators Towards Sport Participation for pwds Motives and Facilitating Factors 23.6 Limitations 23.7 Recommendations References Index