The scientific attitude: defending science from denial, fraud, and pseudoscience

Description

Scientific Method and the Problem of Demarcation -- Misconceptions about How Science Works -- The Importance of the Scientific Attitude -- The Scientific Attitude Need Not Solve the Problem of Demarcation -- Practical Ways in Which Scientists Embrace the Scientific Attitude -- How the Scientific Attitude Transformed Modern Medicine -- Science Gone Wrong : Fraud and Other Failures -- Science Gone Sideways : Denialists, Pseudoscientists, and Other Charlatans -- The Case for the Social Sciences -- Valuing Science.;Attacks on science have become commonplace. Claims that climate change isn't settled science, that evolution is "only a theory," and that scientists are conspiring to keep the truth about vaccines from the public are staples of some politicians' rhetorical repertoire. Defenders of science often point to its discoveries (penicillin! relativity!) without explaining exactly why scientific claims are superior. In this book, the author argues that what distinguishes science from its rivals is what he calls "the scientific attitude:" caring about evidence and being willing to change theories on the basis of new evidence. The history of science is littered with theories that were scientific but turned out to be wrong; the scientific attitude reveals why even a failed theory can help us to understand what is special about science. The author offers examples that illustrate both scientific success (a reduction in childbed fever in the nineteenth century) and failure (the flawed "discovery" of cold fusion in the twentieth century). He describes the transformation of medicine from a practice based largely on hunches into a science based on evidence; considers scientific fraud; examines the positions of ideology-driven denialists, pseudoscientists, and "skeptics" who reject scientific findings; and argues that social science, no less than natural science, should embrace the scientific attitude. The author argues that the scientific attitude - the grounding of science in evidence - offers a powerful tool in the defense of science.