Jacaranda Physics 1: VCE Units 1 & 2

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HALF TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT PAGE CONTENTS ABOUT THIS RESOURCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNIT 1 WHAT IDEAS EXPLAIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD? 1 Thermodynamic principles 1.1 Overview 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 What you will learn 1.2 Explaining heat using the kinetic theory 1.2.1 What is heat? 1.2.2 Linking energy and heat: the kinetic theory of matter 1.3 Measuring and converting temperature 1.3.1 Measuring temperature 1.3.2 The Kelvin scale 1.4 Transferring heat 1.4.1 Conduction 1.4.2 Convection 1.4.3 Radiation 1.5 Thermal equilibrium and the laws of thermodynamics 1.5.1 Laws of thermodynamics 1.6 Specific heat capacity 1.6.1 Specific heat capacity 1.6.2 Latent heat 1.6.3 Evaporation 1.7 Review 1.7.1 Summary 1.7.2 Key terms 1.7.3 Practical work and investigations 2 Thermodynamics and climate science 2.1 Overview 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 What you will learn 2.2 Earth's energy systems 2.2.1 Energy from our Sun 2.2.2 Heat from within 2.2.3 Energy in balance 2.2.4 How much energy does the Earth get from the Sun? 2.3 The enhanced greenhouse effect 2.3.1 The natural greenhouse effect 2.3.2 Fossil fuels’ fingerprints 2.3.3 The Earth’s energy budget 2.3.4 Feedback 2.4 Climate models 2.4.1 Scientific principles that underlie climate 2.4.2 How to know if a climate model is accurate? 2.4.3 Investigating a simple climate model 2.5 Investigating issues related to thermodynamics 2.5.1 Issues related to thermodynamics 2.5.2 Evaluating resources 2.6 Review 2.6.1 Summary 2.6.2 Key terms 2.6.3 Practical work and investigations 2.6 Exercises 2.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 2.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 2.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 2.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW AREA OF STUDY 1 How can thermal effects be explained? PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK 3 Concepts used to model electricity 3.1 Overview 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 What you will learn 3.2 Electric circuits 3.2.1 Fundamentals of electricity 3.2.2 Electric circuits 3.3 Current 3.3.1 Defining current 3.3.2 Describing current direction 3.3.3 Measuring electric current 3.3.4 Modelling an electric circuit 3.3.5 How rapidly do electrons travel through a conductor? 3.4 Voltage 3.4.1 The conventional point of view 3.4.2 Measuring potential difference or voltage drop 3.5 Energy and power in an electric circuit 3.5.1 Energy transformed by a circuit 3.5.2 Power delivered by a circuit 3.5.3 Providing energy for the circuit 3.6 Resistance 3.6.1 Resistors 3.6.2 Ohm's Law 3.6.3 Ohmic and non-ohmic devices 3.6.4 Heating effects of currents 3.6.5 Power and resistance 3.7 Review 3.7.1 Summary 3.7.2 Key terms 3.7.3 Practical work and investigations 4 Circuit analysis 4.1 Overview 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 What you will learn 4.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Electric circuit rules 4.2.1 Circuit diagrams 4.2.2 Circuit rules 4.2.3 Conservation of electrical energy 4.3 Series and parallel circuits 4.3.1 Resistors in series 4.3.2 Resistors in parallel 4.3.3 Short circuits 4.3.4 The voltage divider 4.4 Non-ohmic devices in series and parallel 4.4.1 Non-ohmic devices 4.4.2 Transducers and sensors 4.4.3 Potentiometers 4.5 Power in circuits 4.6 Review 4.6.1 Summary 4.6.2 Key terms 4.6.3 Practical work and investigations 4.6 Exercises 4.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 4.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 4.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 4.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 2 REVIEW AREA OF STUDY 2 How do electric circuits work? PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK 5 Using electricity and electrical safety 5.1 Overview 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 What you will learn 5.2 Household electricity and usage 5.2.1 Household use of electricity 5.2.2 Power ratings 5.2.3 Paying for electricity 5.3 Electrical safety 5.3.1 A shocking experience 5.3.2 Resistance of the human body 5.3.3 The effect of current 5.3.4 The effect of current path 5.3.5 Time of exposure 5.3.6 In the event of a shock 5.3.7 Safety in household circuits 5.3.8 Earthing 5.3.9 Residual current device 5.3.10 Double insulation 5.4 Review 5.4.1 Summary 5.4.2 Key terms 5.4.3 Practical work and investigations 5.4 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 5.4 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 5.4 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 6 Origins of atoms 6.1 Overview 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 What you will learn 6.2 Early developments of the Big Bang Theory 6.2.1 Scientific theories 6.2.2 Discovering the universe of galaxies 6.2.3 The expansion of space 6.2.4 Measuring expansion 6.2.5 Einstein and general relativity 6.3 Further developments of the Big Bang Theory 6.3.1 An expanding, cooling universe 6.4 Measurements of the universe 6.4.1 The astronomical unit 6.4.2 The parsec 6.4.3 The light-year 6.4.4 Working in metres 6.4.5 Numbers and time 6.5 The formation of the first atoms 6.5.1 Looking back in time 6.5.2 The early universe 6.5.3 Nucleogenesis (the birth of atoms) 6.6 Review 6.6.1 Summary 6.6.2 Key terms 6.6.3 Practical work and investigations 6.6 Exercises 6.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 6.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 6.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 6.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 7 Particles in the nucleus 7.1 Overview 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 What you will learn 7.2 The discovery of subatomic particles 7.2.1 The Standard Model of particle physics 7.2.2 Gauge bosons 7.2.3 Fermions 7.2.4 Matter and antimatter 7.2.5 Bosons and the strong and weak nuclear forces 7.2.7 Prediction of new particles 7.3 Nuclear radiation 7.3.1 Atoms and isotopes 7.3.2 Half-life 7.4 Types of nuclear radiation 7.4.1 Alpha (𝛼) decay 7.4.2 Beta (𝛽) decay 7.4.3 Gamma (𝛾) decay 7.4.4 Decay series 7.5 Review 7.5.1 Summary 7.5.2 Key terms glossaryAn 7.5.3 Practical work and investigations 7.5 Exercises 7.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 7.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 7.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 7.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 8 Energy from the atom 8.1 Overview 8.1.1 Introduction 8.1.2 What you will learn 8.2 Energy from mass 8.3 Energy from the nucleus 8.3.1 Binding energy 8.3.2 Nuclear fission 8.3.3 Nuclear fusion 8.4 Energy from accelerating charges 8.4.1 Matter and light 8.4.2 Light from atoms 8.5 Review 8.5.1 Summary 8.5.2 Key terms 8.5.3 Practical work and investigations 8.5 Exercises 8.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 8.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 8.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 8.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test UNIT 1 | AREA OF STUDY 3 REVIEW AREA OF STUDY 3 What is matter and how is it formed? PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK UNIT 2 WHAT DO EXPERIMENTS REVEAL ABOUT THE PHYSICAL WORLD? 9 Analysing motion 9.1 Overview 9.1.1 Introduction 9.1.2 What you will learn 9.2 Describing movement 9.2.1 Distance and displacement 9.2.2 Speed 9.2.3 Converting units of speed 9.2.4 Velocity 9.2.5 Instantaneous speed and velocity 9.2.6 Acceleration 9.3 Analysing motion graphically 9.3.1 Position-versus-time graphs 9.3.2 Velocity-versus-time graphs 9.3.3 Acceleration-versus-time graphs 9.3.4 Working with motion graphs 9.4 Equations for constant acceleration 9.4.1 Deriving the equations algebraically 9.4.2 Deriving the equations graphically 9.4.3 Problem-solving steps 9.5 Review 9.5.1 Summary 9.5.2 Key terms 9.5.3 Practical work and investigations 9.5 Exercises 9.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 9.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 9.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 9.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 10 Forces in action 10.1 Overview 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.2 What you will learn 10.2 Forces as vectors 10.2.1 Describing a force 10.2.2 Force due to gravity (Fg) 10.2.3 Friction (Ffr) 10.2.4 Forces from fluid motion 10.2.5 The normal force (FN) 10.2.6 Compression and tension materials 10.2.7 Free body diagrams 10.2.8 The net force (Fnet) or sum of forces 10.3 Newton's First Law of Motion 10.4 Newton's Second Law of Motion 10.4.1 Applying Newton's second law in real life 10.4.2 Falling down 10.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion 10.5.1 Forces in pairs 10.5.2 Moving forward 10.6 Forces in two dimensions 10.6.1 Vehicles on horizontal surfaces 10.6.2 Vehicles on inclined planes 10.6.3 Connected objects 10.7 Momentum and impulse 10.7.1 Momentum 10.7.2 Impulse 10.7.3 Impulse from a graph 10.7.4 Follow through 10.7.5 Protecting that frail human body 10.8 Torque 10.8.1 Torque or the turning effect of a force 10.9 Equilibrium 10.9.1 Equilibrium or keeping still 10.9.2 Strategy for solving problems involving torque 10.9.3 Types of structures: cantilevers 10.10 Review 10.10.1 Summary 10.10.2 Key terms 10.10.3 Practical work and investigations 10.10 Exercises 10.10 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 10.10 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 10.10 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 10.10 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 11 Energy and motion 11.1 Overview 11.1.1 Introduction 11.1.2 What you will learn 11.2 Impulse and momentum 11.2.1 Impulse and momentum in collisions 11.2.2 Modelling real collisions 11.3 Work and energy 11.3.1 The concept of energy 11.3.2 Getting down to work 11.3.3 Force-versus-distance graphs 11.4 Energy transfers 11.4.1 Kinetic energy 11.4.2 Potential energy 11.4.3 Gravitational potential energy 11.4.4 Strain potential energy 11.4.5 Conservation of energy 11.5 Efficiency and power 11.5.1 Efficiency 11.5.2 Power 11.6 Review 11.6.1 Summary 11.6.2 Key terms 11.6.3 Practical work and investigations 11.6 Exercises 11.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 11.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 11.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 11.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test ONLINEonlyicon.pdf UNIT 2 | AREA OF STUDY 1 REVIEW AREA OF STUDY 1 How can motion be described and explained? PRACTICE SCHOOL-ASSESSED COURSEWORK UNIT 2 | AREA OF STUDY 2 OPTIONS OBSERVATION OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD 12 What are stars? 12.1 Overview 12.1.1 Introduction 12.1.2 What you will learn 12.2 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Changing views of the universe 12.2.1 Galileo's telescope 12.2.2 The universe 12.2.3 The discovery of galaxies 12.2.4 Where we live 12.2.5 Information from the stars 12.3 Using electromagnetic radiation to collect information 12.3.1 Collecting information about the universe 12.3.2 Electromagnetic radiation and the speed of light 12.3.3 Properties of electromagnetic waves 12.3.4 Frequency of light 12.3.5 Electromagnetic waves 12.4 Spectroscopy 12.4.1 Extracting information from the light 12.4.2 Helium 12.4.3 Composition of the Sun 12.4.4 What produces the spectra? 12.4.5 Absorption spectra 12.4.6 Emission spectra 12.5 Measuring distances to stars and galaxies 12.5.1 Methods used to measure distances 12.5.2 Parallax 12.5.3 The Gaia spacecraft 12.5.4 Star brightness and distance 12.5.5 The red shift method 12.6 The properties of stars 12.6.1 The Sun 12.6.2 The mass of stars 12.6.3 Diameters of stars 12.6.4 Classifying stars 12.7 Nuclear fusion 12.7.1 The energy source of a star 12.7.2 What happens next? 12.8 The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 12.8.1 The temperature of stars 12.8.2 Spectral type 12.8.3 Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams 12.8.4 Schwartzchild radius 12.8.5 Black holes 12.9 Galaxies 12.9.1 Comparing the Milky Way galaxy to other galaxies 12.10 Review 12.10.1 Summary 12.10.2 Key terms 12.10.3 Practical work and investigations 12.10 Exercises 12.10 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 12.10 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 12.10 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 12.10 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 13 Is there life beyond Earth's solar system? 13.1 Overview 13.1.1 Introduction 13.1.2 What you will learn 13.2 Spectroscopic analysis of light 13.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation 13.2.2 Production of light 13.2.3 Dispersion: producing colour from white light 13.2.4 Spectroscopy 13.2.5 Spectral type 13.3 Locating extrasolar planets (exoplanets) 13.3.1 The search for exoplanets 13.3.2 The astrometric method 13.3.3 The Doppler effect 13.3.4 Measuring radial velocity 13.3.5 The transit method 13.3.6 Microlensing 13.3.7 Trends in the data 13.3.8 Finding the right star 13.4 Conditions for life beyond Earth's solar system 13.4.1 Life based on carbon 13.4.2 The importance of water 13.4.3 The habitable zone 13.4.4 Planet size 13.5 The search for extraterrestrial intelligence 13.5.1 The Fermi paradox 13.5.2 The Drake equation 13.5.3 The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) 13.5.4 Radio telescopes 13.5.5 Deciding where and how to search 13.5.6 Dealing with the data 13.5.7 Shouting out 13.6 Review 13.6.1 Summary 13.6.2 Key terms 13.6.3 Practical work and investigations 13.6 Exercises 13.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 13.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 13.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 13.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 14 How do forces act on the human body? 14.1 Overview 14.1.1 Introduction 14.1.2 What you will learn 14.2 Forces in the human body 14.2.1 Equilibrium — staying in place 14.2.2 Rotational equilibrium 14.2.3 Centre of mass 14.2.4 Centre of gravity 14.2.5 Lever models of human joints 14.2.6 Types of forces 14.3 Stress and strain 14.3.1 Stress 14.3.2 Strain 14.3.3 Stiffness 14.3.4 Young's modulus of elasticity 14.4 Elastic and plastic behaviour of materials 14.4.1 Strain energy 14.4.2 Toughness 14.4.3 Elastic behaviour 14.4.4 Plastic behaviour 14.5 Materials for prostheses 14.5.1 The behaviour of living tissues 14.5.2 Common artificial materials 14.5.3 Metal in prosthetic limbs 14.5.4 The effect of temperature on materials 14.5.5 Limitations of ductile materials 14.6 Performance of artificial limbs 14.6.1 Composite materials 14.6.2 Arm prostheses 14.6.3 Joint replacements 14.6.4 Materials in dentistry and stents 14.7 Review 14.7.1 Summary 14.7.2 Key terms 14.7 Exercises 14.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 14.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 14.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 14.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 15 How can AC electricity charge a DC device? 15.1 Overview 15.1.1 Introduction 15.1.2 What you will learn 15.2 Voltage, current and resistance 15.2.1 AC voltage and current 15.2.2 Cathode ray oscilloscope 15.2.3 Using a multimeter 15.3 Converting AC to DC 15.3.1 Diodes 15.3.2 Capacitors 15.3.3 Half-wave rectification 15.3.4 Full-wave rectification 15.3.5 Ripple voltage 15.4 Voltage regulators 15.4.1 Internal resistance 15.4.2 Choosing a suitable voltage regulator 15.4.3 Voltage regulator using a Zener diode 15.4.4 Power dissipation 15.4.5 Controlling voltage in circuits 15.4.6 Basic voltage dividers 15.5 Transducers and diodes 15.5.1 Thermistors 15.5.2 Photonics 15.5.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 15.5.4 Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) 15.5.5 Photodiodes 15.5.6 Phototransistors 15.6 Data transfer 15.6.1 Communication carriers 15.6.2 Modulation 15.6.3 Decoding signals 15.7 Review 15.7.1 Summary 15.7.2 Key terms 15.7.3 Practical work and investigations 15.7 Exercises 15.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 15.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 15.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 15.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 16 How do heavy things fly? 16.1 Overview 16.1.1 Introduction 16.1.2 What you will learn 16.2 Forces acting on an aircraft 16.2.1 Forces in flight 16.2.2 Newton's laws of motion 16.3 Aerodynamic lift 16.3.1 Movement of fluids 16.3.2 Fluid speed and pressure 16.3.3 The Bernoulli principle 16.3.4 Aerofoil characteristics 16.3.5 Newton's Third Law of Motion 16.3.6 Flying upside down 16.4 Thrust and drag 16.4.1 Producing thrust 16.4.2 Types of drag 16.4.3 Lift-to-drag ratio 16.4.4 Faster than sound 16.5 Manipulating flight 16.5.1 Lift and drag coefficients 16.5.2 Turning effect of a force 16.6 Controlling an aircraft 16.6.1 Flight controls 16.6.2 Stages of flight 16.7 Review 16.7.1 Summary 16.7.2 Key terms 16.7.3 Practical work and investigations 16.7 Exercises 16.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 16.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 16.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 16.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 17 How do fusion and fission compare as viable nuclear energy power sources? 17.1 Overview 17.1.1 Introduction 17.1.2 What you will learn 17.2 Nuclear fusion 17.2.1 Proton–proton and deuterium–tritium fusion reactions 17.2.2 Binding energy 17.2.3 Fusion reactors 17.2.4 Availability of deuterium and tritium 17.2.5 Fusion reactor designs 17.3 Nuclear fission 17.3.1 Fission fragments 17.3.2 Fission chain reactions 17.3.3 Achieving a chain reaction 17.4 Nuclear bomb design 17.4.1 Fission bombs 17.4.2 The effects of nuclear weapons 17.4.3 Immediate effects 17.4.4 Long-term effects 17.4.5 Fusion bombs 17.5 Nuclear energy as a power source 17.5.1 Nuclear power plants 17.5.2 Generating electricity 17.5.3 Australia's nuclear reactor 17.5.4 Fast breeder reactors 17.5.5 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 17.5.6 Nuclear wastes 17.5.7 Energy released 17.5.8 Percentage of mass that is transformed into energy 17.5.9 Environmental impact of a fusion reactor 17.5.10 Conclusion 17.6 Review 17.6.1 Summary 17.6.2 Key terms 17.6.3 Practical work and investigations 17.6 Exercises 17.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 17.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 17.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 17.6 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 18 How is radiation used to maintain human health? 18.1 Overview 18.1.1 Introduction 18.1.2 What you will learn 18.2 Radiation and the human body 18.2.1 Electromagnetic radiation and particle radiation 18.2.2 What are X-rays? 18.2.3 Production of X-rays 18.2.4 Hard and soft X-rays 18.2.5 Ionising radiation and living things 18.2.6 The effects of 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 radiation on humans 18.3 The use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment 18.3.1 Radioactivity as a diagnostic tool 18.3.2 Choosing the right medical radioisotope 18.3.3 Labelling with isotopes 18.3.4 Targeting body organs 18.3.5 Some applications of radioisotopes 18.3.6 Production of medical radioisotopes 18.3.7 Safety issues 18.4 X-rays in medical diagnosis 18.4.1 Medical imaging using X-rays 18.4.2 Effect of X-radiation on the body 18.4.3 Using conventional X-rays as a diagnostic tool 18.4.4 Imaging parts of the body 18.5 Medical imaging with CT, PET, MRI and ultrasound 18.5.1 CT scanning 18.5.2 Ultrasound 18.5.3 Positron emission tomography (PET) 18.5.4 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 18.5.5 Strengths and limitations of imaging techniques 18.6 Review 18.6.1 Summary 18.6.2 Key terms 18.6 Exercises 18.6 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 18.6 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 18.6 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 18.9 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 19 How do particle accelerators work? 19.1 Overview 19.1.1 Introduction 19.1.2 What you will learn 19.2 Particle accelerators and the production of light 19.2.1 Synchrotron 19.2.2 Design features of the Australian Synchrotron 19.2.3 Technical features of the Australian Synchrotron 19.2.4 Synchrotron radiation and X-rays 19.3 Accelerator technology and the development of modern particle physics 19.3.1 The cyclotron 19.3.2 Early synchrotrons 19.3.3 The development of the Standard Model of particle physics 19.3.4 Features of the Large Hadron Collider 19.4 Current and future applications of accelerator technology for society 19.4.1 Data analysis 19.4.2 Applications of particle accelerators 19.4.3 Current and proposed future of collider technologies 19.5 Review 19.5.1 Summary 19.5.2 Key terms 19.5 Exercises 19.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 19.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 19.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 19.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 20 How can human vision be enhanced? 20.1 Overview 20.1.1 Introduction 20.1.2 What you will learn 20.2 Behaviour of light 20.2.1 Light travels in straight lines 20.2.2 Objects and images 20.2.3 Looking in the mirror 20.3 Refraction 20.3.1 The behaviour of light when changing media 20.3.2 Bending of light 20.3.3 Snell's Law 20.3.4 The speed of light in glass 20.3.5 Total internal reflection and critical angle 20.4 Manipulating light for a purpose 20.4.1 Cameras 20.4.2 The thin lens formula and magnification 20.5 Extending vision 20.5.1 Telescopes 20.5.2 Microscopes 20.6 Light and the eye 20.6.1 Human and animal vision 20.6.2 Correcting eye defects 20.6.3 Restoring sight 20.7 Review 20.7.1 Summary 20.7.2 Key terms 20.7.3 Practical work and investigations 20.7 Exercises 20.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 20.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 20.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 20.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 21 How do instruments make music? 21.1 Overview 21.1.1 Introduction 21.1.2 What you will learn 21.2 Sound as a wave 21.2.1 Longitude waves 21.2.2 Wave speed 21.2.3 The wave equation 21.2.4 Diffraction 21.2.5 Reflection of waves 21.2.6 Standing waves 21.3 Measuring sound intensity 21.3.1 Intensity 21.3.2 Inverse square law 21.3.3 Sound intensity levels 21.4 How does the human ear respond to sound? 21.4.1 Structure of the human ear 21.4.2 The effect of frequency on hearing 21.4.3 Loudness level curves 21.5 How instruments create sound 21.5.1 Stringed instruments 21.5.2 Wind and brass instruments 21.5.3 Standing waves in pipes open at both ends 21.5.4 Standing waves in pipes closed at one end 21.5.5 The human voice 21.6 Characteristics of sound 21.6.1 Loudness 21.6.2 Pitch 21.6.3 Timbre 21.6.4 Resonance 21.6.5 Beats 21.6.6 Consonance 21.6.7 Psychoacoustics 21.7 Review 21.7.1 Summary 21.7.2 Key terms 21.7.3 Practical work and investigations 21.7 Exercises 21.7 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 21.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 21.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 21.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 22 How can performance in ball sports be improved? 22.1 Overview 22.1.1 Introduction 22.1.2 What you will learn 22.2 Collisions and conservation of momentum 22.2.1 Coefficient of restitution 22.2.2 Making the ball go faster 22.2.3 Billiard ball collisions 22.3 Friction and rolling balls 22.3.1 Friction 22.3.2 Sliding and rolling 22.3.3 Velocity and angular speed 22.3.4 Moment of inertia 22.3.5 Applying rotational kinematics to a billiard ball 22.3.6 Rolling friction 22.4 Maximising flight 22.4.1 Modelling a golf swing 22.4.2 Flight through the air 22.4.3 What goes up must come down 22.4.4 Air resistance and terminal velocity 22.4.5 The swerve of balls in flight 22.4.6 A spinning rough ball 22.5 Review 22.5.1 Summary 22.5.2 Key terms 22.5.3 Practical work and investigations 22.5 Exercises 22.5 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 22.5 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 22.5 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 22.5 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 23 How does the human body use electricity? 23.1 Overview 23.1.1 Introduction 23.1.2 What you will learn 23.2 Electrical signals in the human body 23.2.1 Why do humans conduct electricity? 23.2.2 Charges, electrical potential and human cells 23.2.3 Electrical stimulus and cells 23.3 Electrical signalling and the nervous system 23.3.1 The nervous system 23.3.2 Electrical pulses in the body: the action potential 23.3.3 How electrical pulses move along nerve cells 23.3.4 Sensation and stimulus — getting an action potential started 23.4 The heart as an electrically powered pump 23.4.1 Stimulating the heart 23.4.2 Measuring heart function — the electrocardiogram 23.4.3 Heart beat and the ECG 23.4.4 Heart problems — fibrillation and defibrillation 23.4.5 The artificial pacemaker 23.5 The effects of electricity applied to the body 23.5.1 How does the human body resist current flow? 23.5.2 Current and the human body 23.5.3 Electrosurgery 23.6 Applications of electricity involving the human body 23.6.1 Monitoring electrical activity in the brain 23.6.2 Lie detectors and biotherapy feedback 23.6.3 Neural stimulation: The bionic eye project 23.6.4 Bypassing neural damage: Bionic control devices and activated muscles 23.6.5 Retraining neural networks 23.7 Review 23.7.1 Summary 23.7.2 Key terms 23.7.3 Practical work and investigations 23.7 Exercises 23.7.1 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 23.7 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 23.7 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions 23.7 Exercise 4: studyON topic test 24 Practical investigation 24.1 Overview 24.1.1 Introduction 24.1.2 What you will learn 24.2 Key science skills in Physics 24.2.1 The scientific method: why do we conduct investigations? 24.2.2 Using a logbook 24.2.3 Developing aims and questions 24.2.4 Formulating hypotheses and making predictions 24.2.5 Planning and undertaking experiments 24.3 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE Variables 24.4 Concepts specific to investigation, key terms and representations 24.4.1 Concepts specific to investigation 24.4.2 Key terms 24.4.3 Physics representations 24.5 Scientific research methodologies and techniques 24.5.1 Characteristics of scientific research methodologies 24.5.2 Techniques of primary qualitative and quantitative data collection 24.5.3 Choosing techniques relevant to an investigation 24.5.4 Precision, accuracy, reliability and validity 24.5.5 Identification of uncertainty 24.6 Health and safety guidelines 24.6.1 Health and safety guidelines 24.6.2 Ethics 24.7 Methods of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data 24.7.1 Organising primary data 24.7.2 Analysing primary data 24.7.3 Evaluating primary data 24.7.4 Sources of uncertainty and error 24.7.5 Limitations of data and methodology 24.8 Models and theories to understand observed phenomena 24.8.1 Models 24.8.2 Theories 24.9 Nature of evidence and key findings of investigations 24.9.1 Nature of evidence: supporting or refuting a hypothesis, model or theory 24.9.2 The key findings of investigations 24.10 Conventions of scientific report writing and scientific poster presentation 24.10.1 Conventions of report writing 24.10.2 Terminology and representations 24.10.3 Symbols 24.10.4 Equations and formulas 24.10.5 Units of measurements 24.10.6 Significant figures 24.10.7 Standard abbreviations 24.10.8 Acknowledgement of references 24.10.9 Presenting a scientific poster 24.10.10 Practical investigation checklist 24.11 Review 24.11.1 Summary 24.11.2 Key terms 24.11 Exercise 1: Multiple choice questions 24.11 Exercise 2: Short answer questions 24.11 Exercise 3: Exam practice questions GLOSSARY APPENDIX 1 Periodic table APPENDIX 2 Astronomical data Answers 1 Thermodynamic principles 2 Thermodynamics and climate science 3 Concepts used to model electricity 4 Circuit analysis 5 Using electricity and electrical safety 6 Origins of atoms 7 Particles in the nucleus 8 Energy from the atom 9 Analysing motion 10 Forces in action 11 Energy and motion 24 Practical investigations INDEX