New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification

Description

Front-Matter_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification New Perspectives in Forensic Human Skeletal Identification Copyright_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification Copyright Dedication_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification Dedication List-of-Contributo_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identifi List of Contributors Foreword_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification Foreword Preface_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification Preface Chapter-1---Introduct_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Ident 1 - Introduction Chapter-2---Human-Skeletal-Variation-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Huma 2 - Human Skeletal Variation and Forensic Anthropology The Variance Equation ANCOVA and Hypothesis Testing Adequate Sampling Conclusions References Chapter-3---Advancements-in-Sex-and_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human- 3 - Advancements in Sex and Ancestry Estimation Introduction What Is New in Understanding Sexual Dimorphism as It Relates to Forensic Anthropological Practice Biological and Environmental Processes and Sexual Dimorphism Why Are There Size Differences Between the Sexes Subadult Sex Estimation Cranial Sexual Dimorphism Current Practice What Is New in Understanding Human Biological Variation and What Are the Implications to Forensic Anthropological Practice Estimation of Ancestry or Geographic Origin How Does Population Genetic Theory Influence the Ability to Estimate Ancestry What Has Been Learned Recently About US Populations New Advances in Applications of Ancestry Estimation Types of Craniometric Data Current Practice Conclusion References Chapter-4---Advances-in-Cranial-Macromorphosco_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Fore 4 - Advances in Cranial Macromorphoscopic Trait and Dental Morphology Analysis for Ancestry Estimation The Data Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits Dental Morphology Current Methods in Forensic Anthropology Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits Dental Morphology Statistical Analyses Appropriate Reference Samples Support Vector Machines Decision Trees Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates Development of Statistical Packages to Aid in Estimation rASUDAS Macromorphoscopic Databank Case Study Results: Cranial Macromorphoscopic Traits Results: Dental Morphology Results of Case Study Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-5---Evaluating-Mixture-Discriminant-Ana_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For 5 - Evaluating Mixture Discriminant Analysis to Classify Human Mandibles With (hu)MANid, a Free, R-Based GUI Introduction Mixture Discriminant Analysis Materials and Methods The (hu)MANid Program Mixture Discriminant Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis Comparison Results Model Comparison Known Mandibles Classification Comparison Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-6---A-Decade-of-Developmen_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-S 6 - A Decade of Development in Juvenile Aging Dry Bone Skeletal Analysis Fusion of Primary and Secondary Ossification Centers Bony Measurements Practical Application Skeletal Analysis via Conventional Radiography Atlas Method Morphological Changes of the Epiphyses Appearance Times and Epiphyseal Union Metric Analysis Skeletal Analysis via Other Imaging Techniques Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Computed Tomography Image Analysis of Developing Bone Structure Case Application Conclusion References Chapter-7---Estimation-of-Immature-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human- 7 - Estimation of Immature Age From the Dentition References Chapter-8---Adult-Age-at-Death-Estimation-in_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forens 8 - Adult Age-at-Death Estimation in Unknown Decedents: New Perspectives on an Old Problem Introduction Macroscopic Age Estimation From the Adult Skeleton Pubic Symphysis Sternal Rib Ends Auricular Surface Cranial Sutures Late Fusing Epiphyses Acetabulum General Age Indicators Multifactorial Aging Methods Transition Analysis Case Study Summary Appendix A. Quick Reference Guide for Practical Applications of Adult Age-at-Death Estimation Techniques Appendix A-1. Hartnett–Fulginiti (H–F) Revised Pubic Symphysis Phase Descriptions and Statistics (Hartnett, 2010a, pp. 1147, 114... Appendix A-2. Hartnett–Fulginiti (H–F) Revised Fourth Sternal Rib End Phase Descriptions and Statistics (Hartnett, 2010b, pp. 11... Appendix A-3. Osborne et al. (2004, p. 909) Combined Sex Phase Descriptions and Statistics for Adult Age Estimation for the Auri... Appendix A-4. Langley-Shirley and Jantz (2010, pp. 573,581) Medial Clavicle Five-Phase Descriptions and Statistics. In the Three... Appendix A-5. Calce (2012, pp. 15–17) Descriptions for Acetabular Age Estimation References Chapter-9---Multivariate-Regression-Met_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu 9 - Multivariate Regression Methods for the Analysis of Stature Introduction Of Raw Data and Summary Multivariate Statistics To Log or Not to Log Summary Statistics Which of the Five Regression Lines to Use in Allometric Analysis A Lengthy Digression on Regression Do Human Populations Have the Same Allometries Calculated Example From a 7′7″ Tall Individual A Markov Chain Monte Carlo Example From a 7′7″ Tall Individual Long Bones and Stature in the Evidentiary Setting Departures From Allometry Marriage of the Anatomical and Mathematical Treatments of Stature Conclusion Appendix I Appendix II References Chapter-10---Full-Skeleton-Stat_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skel 10 - Full Skeleton Stature Estimation Revision and Testing Mathematical Formulae Derived Using Anatomical Stature Other Practical Applications and Further Investigations Conclusion References Chapter-11---The-History-and-Use-of-the-National-M_2018_New-Perspectives-in- 11 - The History and Use of the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) in the Identification of Unknown Persons Introduction A Brief History of NamUs System Overview Advanced Tools, Resources, and Challenges Success Across National Boundaries Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-12---The-Utilization-of-Databases_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic- 12 - The Utilization of Databases for the Identification of Human Remains Introduction The Use of Nongenetic Databases for Identification The Use of Custom DNA Databases for Identification: Laboratory Information Systems APPLICATIONS The Use of DNA Databases for Identification: CODIS Emerging DNA Technologies and Their Application to Forensic Genetics Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter-13---Flexibility-in-Testing-Skeletonized-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-F 13 - Flexibility in Testing Skeletonized Remains for DNA Analysis Can Lead to Increased Success: Suggestions and Case Studies Introduction Extraction of DNA From Skeletonized Remains Small Samples and the Possibility of Nonhuman Remains Case Study #1 Case Study #2 Sampling of Teeth Skeletal Samples Retrieved From Water Soft Tissue Decomposition in Water Case Study #3 Wet Tissue Is an Issue, What About Bone Case Study #4 Commingling of Remains: Intentional and Coincidental Unintentional Commingling During World War II—Cabanatuan Cabanatuan Sample Processing Suspected Intentional Commingling During the Korean War Korean War Sample Analysis Conclusions Disclaimer References Chapter-14---Forensic-Identification-of-Human-Skelet_2018_New-Perspectives-i 14 - Forensic Identification of Human Skeletal Remains Using Isotopes: A Brief History of Applications From Archaeological Dig Sites to Modern Crime Scenes Introduction Not All Atoms of an Element Are Alike A Specialized Form of Mass Spectrometry Measures Isotope Abundances Selection and Preparation of Remains for Isotope Analysis Interpretation of Isotope Data from Human Remains Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes How Human Tissues Record Water Isotopes Strontium Isotopes History of Application of Isotope Analysis in Forensic Casework Recent Case Study Examples “Lyle Stevik” The Embalmed Head Linn County Homicide Victim Conclusion References Chapter-15---Applications-of-Stable-Isotope-Forensic_2018_New-Perspectives-i 15 - Applications of Stable Isotope Forensics for Geolocating Unidentified Human Remains From Past Conflict Situations and Large-Scale Humanitarian Efforts Introduction Brief Background on the Application of Stable Isotope Analysis to Unidentified Human Remains Provenancing Human Remains From the Vietnam War Provenancing Human Remains of Undocumented Border Crossers Samples Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Samples Undocumented Border Crosser Samples Sample Preparation and Analysis Results and Interpretation Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Sample Results Undocumented Border Crosser Sample Results Conclusions and Implications for Further Research References Chapter-16---Bomb-Pulse-Radiocarbon-D_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Huma 16 - Bomb Pulse Radiocarbon Dating of Skeletal Tissues Introduction Traditional Radiocarbon Dating Bone Dating Radiocarbon Analyses Radiocarbon Bomb Pulse Tooth Dating Procedures Enamel Processing Root Processing Radiocarbon Measurement Determining Date of Birth Combining Bomb Pulse Dating With Other Techniques Aspartic Acid Racemization Case Report Geographical Differences in δ13C and δ18O DNA Case Report Cartilage, Bone, and Hair Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Further Reading Chapter-17---Species-Determination-F_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human 17 - Species Determination From Fragmentary Evidence Conclusion References Chapter-18---Bone-Histology-as-an-Integrate_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi 18 - Bone Histology as an Integrated Tool in the Process of Human Identification Introduction Bone Biology, Histomorphology, and Histomorphometry Osseous Versus Nonosseous Material and Human Versus Nonhuman Bone DNA Sample Selection Age Estimation Conclusions References Chapter-19---Overview-of-Advances-in-Forens_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi 19 - Overview of Advances in Forensic Radiological Methods of Human Identification Introduction and Background Radiological Imaging Methods Radiography Fluoroscopy Computed Axial Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Application of Radiological Methods to Human Identification Establishing Context Human Versus Nonhuman Detecting Commingling Locating and Retrieving Artifacts and Personal Effects Human Identification Establishing the Biological Profile Age Estimation Sex Estimation Stature Estimation Ancestry Estimation Positive Identification of Individuals by Comparison of Antemortem and Postmortem Radiological Data Mass Fatality Incidents Summary References Chapter-20---Advances-in-the-Use-of-Fron_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-H 20 - Advances in the Use of Frontal Sinuses for Human Identification Introduction Development, Anatomy, and Variation of Frontal Sinuses Examination of Frontal Sinuses Frontal Sinuses in Identification Frontal Sinuses in Sex and Ancestry Estimation Recent Advances in Identification Using Frontal Sinuses Quantitative Comparisons Admissibility Challenges to Frontal Sinus Identification Imaging and Software Advances Advanced Quantification/Automation Conclusion Disclaimer References Chapter-21---Advances-in-the-Use-of-Craniof_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi 21 - Advances in the Use of Craniofacial Superimposition for Human Identification Introduction Uses in Personal Identification Historical Development of Craniofacial Superimposition Reliability of Superimposition: Validation Studies Limitations of Superimposition Case Example Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter-22---Comparative-Medical-Radiog_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu 22 - Comparative Medical Radiography: Practice and Validation Introduction Practice in the Forensic Anthropology Laboratory Recent Research in Comparative Medical Radiography Procedure Standards and Best Practices Producing Postmortem Radiographs AM and PM Radiograph Comparison Chest and Abdominal Radiographs Hands and Feet Knee Surgical Implants Outcomes of Comparison Limitations and Cautions Writing the Case Report Case Study Conclusions References Chapter-23---The-Computer-Assisted-Decedent-Ide_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For 23 - The Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification Method of Computer-Assisted Radiographic Identification Introduction Identification in the Medical Examiner/Coroner Setting Medical Examiner/Coroner Case Study I—Tentatively Identified Adult Male Medical Examiner/Coroner Case Study II—Skeletal Remains Associated With a Missing Person Case Forensic Radiological Comparison for Personal Identification Computer-Assisted Biometric Matching of Radiological Imaging The Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification Method Second-Phase Testing of CADI Implementing Computer-Assisted Decedent Identification in Practice Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter-24---Skeletal-Identification-by-Radiogr_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For 24 - Skeletal Identification by Radiographic Comparison of the Cervicothoracic Region on Chest Radiographsa,b Introduction Standardized Posteroanterior Chest Radiograph Comparison for Dry Skeletal Elements Which Items-of-Concordance Are Most Commonly Used Exemplar Features of the Cervicothoracic Region Useful for Radiographic Comparison Overarching Clavicle Form Medial Clavicle Edge Shape Medial Clavicle Borders Rhomboid Fossa Morphology Lateral Clavicle Cervical Vertebrae Morphology C7 Neural Arch Outline T1 Transverse Process Morphology Other Vertebral Opacities Examples of Two DPAA Chest Radiograph Comparison Cases Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-25---International-Advances-in-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Hu 25 - International Advances in Identification of Human Remains Population Variation Collections Human Rights Investigations/Humanitarian Action Regional Development of Facilities Certification International Support in Forensic Anthropology Conclusion References Chapter-26---Using-Elliptical-Fourier-Analysis-_2018_New-Perspectives-in-For 26 - Using Elliptical Fourier Analysis to Interpret Complex Morphological Features in Global Populations Elliptical Fourier Analysis Acquiring and Processing the Digital Images Applications of Elliptical Fourier Analysis to Discrete Skeletal Traits Variance in the Shape of the Orbital Margins Variance in the Shape of the Obturator Foramen Variance in the Shape of the Greater Sciatic Notch Variance in the Shape of the Nasal Aperture Conclusions References Chapter-27---Forensic-Anthropology-and-t_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-H 27 - Forensic Anthropology and the Biological Profile in South Africa Introduction Ancestry Estimation Sex Estimation Adult Sex Estimation Juvenile Sex Estimation Age-at-Death Estimation Juvenile Age Estimation Adult Age Estimation Stature Estimation Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter-28---The-Influence-of-Operational-Workflow_2018_New-Perspectives-in- 28 - The Influence of Operational Workflow and Mortuary Environment on Identification: A Case Study From the WWI Battle of Fromelles Background Site Organization Overall Identification Process Team Composition Environment The Excavation Site The Temporary Mortuary Anthropology Workstations The Information Network Workflow The Excavation Grave Preparation Excavation DNA Sampling Photography Surveying Lifting and Handover The Temporary Mortuary Process Reception Radiography Processing Anthropology Photography Finds Data Management Conclusions References Chapter-29---Advances-in-Disaster-V_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human- 29 - Advances in Disaster Victim Identification Introduction Disaster Victim Identification A Holistic Approach to Disaster Victim Identification Bayesian Statistics Bayesian Statistics and Identification What Would a Holistic Approach to Disaster Victim Identification Look Like Anthropology Age Trauma Forensic Pathology Tattoos Surgery Dental Fingerprints Recovery Location Discussion Conclusion References Chapter-30---Summary--The-Future-of-Forensi_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensi 30 - Summary: The Future of Forensic Identification Methods From the Human Skeleton Index_2018_New-Perspectives-in-Forensic-Human-Skeletal-Identification Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z