Bioanalytical Chemistry: From Biomolecular Recognition to Nanobiosensing

Description

Contents Preface About the authors Abbreviation list Symbol list 1 Biomacromolecules in analytical chemistry 1.1 Nucleic acids 1.1.1 Structure of nucleotides 1.1.2 Structure of oligonucleotides and duplexes 1.1.3 DNA and genetic information: the central dogma of molecular biology 1.1.4 Binding of oligonucleotides and thermodynamics 1.1.5 Synthetic DNA as a biochemical tool 1.2 Introduction to proteins 1.2.1 Amino acids 1.2.2 Zwitterionic character, pK and pI 1.2.3 The peptide bond 1.2.4 The structure of proteins 1.2.5 Protein folding and denaturation 1.2.6 The biological function of proteins 1.3 Enzymes 1.3.1 Substrate specificity 1.3.2 Active sites, coenzymes and cofactors 1.3.3 Oxidoreductases 1.3.4 Kinetics of enzymatic reactions 1.4 Antibodies and antigens 1.4.1 Methods to produce antibodies 1.4.2 Antibody structure 1.4.3 Classification of immunoglobulins 1.4.4 Antigen–antibody interaction 1.4.5 Factors influencing antigen–antibody interactions 1.4.6 Quantitative evaluation of antibody properties 2 Introduction to bioanalytical assays and biosensors 2.1 Molecular biorecognition and analytical assays 2.1.1 Example: bioassays for lactate 2.2 Principles of kinetic analytical methods 2.3 Introduction to biosensors 2.4 Classification of biosensors according to the receptor 2.4.1 Catalytic biosensors 2.4.2 Affinity biosensors 2.5 Classification of biosensors on the basis of the transducer 2.6 Immobilisation of biomolecules 2.6.1 Physical entrapping within dialysis membranes 2.6.2 Physical adsorption of biomacromolecules 2.6.3 Electrostatic adsorption 2.6.4 Physical entrapment within a polymeric gel 2.6.5 Cross-linking with polyfunctional reagents 2.6.6 Non-specific covalent bonds 2.6.7 Specific covalent bonds 2.6.8 Biospecific adsorption 2.7 Immobilisation of biomolecules in practice 2.7.1 Entrapment within dialysis membranes 2.7.2 Entrapment within polymeric matrices 2.7.3 Encapsulation in bilayer lipid membranes 2.7.4 Cross-linking 2.7.5 Covalent bonding 2.8 Functionalisation of transducer surfaces 2.8.1 Self-assembled monolayers 2.8.2 Silanisation 2.8.3 Functionalisation of surfaces with diazonium salts 3 Enzymatic biosensors 3.1 Properties of immobilised enzymes 3.1.1 Effects of the thickness of the enzymatic layer 3.2 Electrochemical biosensors 3.2.1 Potentiometric biosensors 3.2.2 Principles of dynamic electrochemical techniques 3.2.3 Electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes 3.2.4 Amperometric biosensors 3.3 Optical biosensors 3.3.1 Optical fibres 3.3.2 Light source and detector 3.3.3 Optical phenomena employed in biosensors 3.3.4 Principles of the most common optical sensors 3.3.5 Enzymatic optodes 4 Immunochemical assays and immunosensors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Immunoprecipitation and radioimmunoassay 4.3 Enzyme immunoassays (EIA and ELISA) 4.4 Lateral flow immunoassays 4.4.1 Pregnancy test 4.4.2 Strip tests for antibodies and antigens related to SARS-CoV-2 4.5 Western blotting 4.5.1 Electrophoretic separation 4.5.2 Transfer to solid membrane 4.5.3 Blocking unspecific binding 4.5.4 Incubation with antibodies 4.5.5 Detection 4.6 Enzyme label immunosensors 4.7 Microbead-based immunoassays 4.7.1 Multiplexed microbead immunoassays based on flow cytometry 4.7.2 Magnetic beads electrochemiluminescence assays 4.7.3 Mechanism of electrochemiluminescence 4.8 Label-free immunosensors: SPR and QCM 4.8.1 Surface plasmon resonance immunosensors 4.8.2 Quartz crystal microbalance: immunosensors based on piezoelectric effect 5 Analysis of nucleic acids 5.1 DNA extraction 5.2 Southern blotting 5.3 Amplification and detection of specific DNA sequences: PCR 5.3.1 The polymerase chain reaction 5.3.2 Analytical PCR: quantitative PCR or real-time PCR 5.3.3 Signal generation in PCR 5.3.4 PCR in action: the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 5.3.5 Digital PCR 5.4 DNA microarrays 5.5 DNA sequencing 5.5.1 Sanger sequencing 5.5.2 Illumina sequencing: an example of short-read next-generation sequencing 5.5.3 Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing: examples of long-read third-generation sequencing 6 Nanotechnologies for bioanalysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification of nanomaterials 6.2.1 Zero-dimensional nanomaterials 6.2.2 One-dimensional nanomaterials 6.2.3 Two-dimensional nanomaterials 6.2.4 Three-dimensional nanomaterials 6.3 Synthesis of nanomaterials 6.3.1 Approaches based on physical changes 6.3.2 Approaches based on chemical trasformations 6.4 Functionalisation of nanomaterials 6.5 Analytical techniques for nanomaterial characterisation 6.6 Bioanalytical applications of nanomaterials 6.6.1 Optical properties of metal nanoparticles 6.6.2 DNA–AuNP sensors 6.6.3 Colorimetric detection of proteins with nanoparticles 6.6.4 SERS assay for DNA denaturation 6.7 Electrochemical nano-biosensors 6.7.1 Voltammetry with nanoelectrode arrays 6.7.2 Bioelectroanalysis with nanoelectrode arrays 6.8 Final remarks Index