Problematic Wildlife II: New Conservation and Management Challenges in the Human-Wildlife Interactions

Description

In a world where habitats are constantly changing and the impact of anthropization on the environment is increasingly intense, interactions between human and wildlife are becoming more and more complex. Some species pose problems for human activities while many others need to be helped in order to continue to exist. This book follows the first volume called 'Problematic Wildlife', edited by F.M. Angelici and published by Springer in 2016, which has had considerable success with readers and critics. The volume includes 21 chapters divided into 7 parts devoted specific topics which are approached in a multidisciplinary way. There are both review chapters and specific cases, always bearing in mind the interest for an international audience. The book is useful both for scientists, wildlife specialists, conservationists, zoologists, ecologists, university students, nature managers, and for those who live in contact with wildlife and its problems, such as farmers, shepherds, hunters, urban planners, and staff of parks and nature reserves. Its ultimate goal is to offer scientific and pragmatic approaches to manage each categories of problematic species. Preface Contents Contributors Part I: Introduction to ‘Problematic Wildlife II’: Problematic Species Are Increasing, in a World that Is Constantly Changing Chapter 1: The Need and Relevance of the Book: Problematic Wildlife and the Modern World 1.1 What Is the Inspiration Behind this New Book? 1.2 Problematic Wildlife: From Direct Danger to Humans to Negative Impact on Human Activities 1.3 Problematic Wildlife: Urban Wildlife Conflicts Are an Emerging Problem 1.4 Problematic Wildlife: Hunting and Ecotourism – Possible Mechanisms for Conservation and Coexistence? 1.5 Problematic Wildlife: Species Extinction 1.6 Problematic Wildlife: Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Rights 1.7 Problematic Wildlife: Humans and Herpetofauna References Part II: From Direct Danger to Humans to Negative Impact on Human Activities Chapter 2: Large Felid Predators and “Man-Eaters”: Can We Successfully Balance Conservation of Endangered Apex Predators with the Safety and Needs of Rapidly Expanding Human Populations? 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Evolution and Environmental Niche of the Large Felid Carnivores 2.3 Evolution 2.4 Developmental Advantages in the Large Felid Carnivores 2.5 Hunting Methods 2.6 Humans as Large Feline Prey 2.7 Human Large Felid Conflict 2.8 Man-Eaters and Human Predation 2.8.1 Tigers 2.8.2 Lions 2.8.3 Leopards 2.8.4 Other Large Cats 2.8.5 Current Management Strategies 2.8.6 Eradication 2.8.7 Preservation 2.8.8 Translocation 2.8.9 Management Strategies Going Forward 2.8.10 Multifactorial Approach 2.8.11 Increasing Wild Prey Populations 2.8.12 Changes in Animal Husbandry 2.8.13 Understanding and Managing Human Factors 2.9 Conclusions References Chapter 3: A Large Carnivore Among People and Livestock: The Common Leopard 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Materials and Methods 3.2.1 Study Areas 3.2.2 Food Habits 3.2.3 Forest Cover Changes 3.2.4 Socioeconomic Implications of Livestock Losses 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Food Habits 3.3.2 Forest Cover Changes 3.3.3 Socioeconomic Implications of Livestock Losses 3.4 Discussion References Chapter 4: Recent Changes in Wolf Habitat Occupancy and Feeding Habits in Italy: Implications for Conservation and Reducing Conflict with Humans 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Changes in Wolf Range in Italy Over the Last 50 Years 4.3 Changes in Wolf Diet in Relation to the Increase in Wild Ungulate Species 4.4 Impacts on Husbandry and Wild Ungulate Populations 4.5 Management of Wolf-Human Conflicts 4.6 Case Studies in Northern Italy 4.6.1 North-Western Apennines 4.6.1.1 Changes in Habitat Use 4.6.1.2 Changes in Wolf Diet 4.6.2 The Liguria Region 4.6.2.1 Wolf Diet: Differences Between Packs and Dispersing Individuals 4.6.2.2 Livestock Depredation and Prevention Measures 4.6.2.3 Wolves and Wild Ungulates Interactions 4.6.3 Ticino Natural Park 4.7 Conclusions 4.7.1 How to Mitigate Conflicts with Husbandry and Hunting? 4.7.2 Perspectives on the Management of Wolf Populations References Part III: Urban Wildlife Conflicts Are an Emerging Problem Chapter 5: “Good” and “Bad” Urban Wildlife 5.1 Urban Environments and Wildlife 5.1.1 Cities as Habitat: “Good” Interactions 5.1.2 Wildlife as Urban Problems: “Bad” Interactions 5.1.3 Urban Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers 5.2 Taxonomic Focus 5.2.1 Reptiles 5.2.1.1 Turtles 5.2.1.2 Crocodilians 5.2.1.3 Lizards 5.2.1.4 Snakes 5.2.2 Birds 5.2.2.1 Nocturnal Roosts 5.2.2.2 Heronries and Other Rookeries 5.2.2.3 Geese and Greenspace 5.2.2.4 Pigeons 5.2.2.5 Predatory Birds 5.2.2.6 Airports 5.2.3 Mammals 5.2.3.1 Mammals Declining near Humans 5.2.3.2 Co-Adaptation of Humans and Nonhuman Mammals 5.2.3.3 “Adapter” Mammals 5.2.3.4 Nocturnal Roosts 5.2.3.5 Urban Structures as Dens 5.2.3.6 Urban Mammals and Roads 5.3 Urban Wildlife and Disease 5.3.1 Urban Wildlife as Vectors of Human Disease 5.3.2 Vectors of Urban Wildlife Disease 5.4 Urban Wildlife, Global Change, and the Future 5.5 Summary References Chapter 6: Wildlife and Traffic: An Inevitable but Not Unsolvable Problem? 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Identifying the Conflict: Disruptions to Movement 6.2.1 Disrupting the Movement of Wildlife 6.2.2 Disrupting the Movement of People 6.3 Addressing and Mitigating the Conflict 6.3.1 Reducing the Impact Begins with Planning 6.3.2 Mitigating Road Mortality and Barrier Effects 6.3.3 Identifying the Problem Helps Identifying the Solution 6.4 Conclusion: Conflict Resolution Begins by Changing the Way We View the Problem References Chapter 7: The Colonization of the Western Yellow-Legged Gull (Larus michahellis) in an Italian City: Evolution and Management of the Phenomenon 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Colonization of Cities in Europe 7.2.1 The Colonization of Italian Cities 7.3 The Process of Colonization and the Ecology of the Species in Urban Areas 7.4 Problems Created by Urban Gulls to Humans 7.4.1 Prevention of the Phenomenon 7.4.2 Strategies to Be Adopted in Case of Nesting Appendix: Experiments for the Management of the Species in the City of Trieste References Part IV: Hunting and Ecotourism: Possible Mechanisms for Conservation and Coexistence? Chapter 8: How Hunting and Wildlife Conservation Can Coexist: Review and Case Studies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conservation of Fauna (Wildlife Stricto Sensu and Its Ecosystem Services) 8.3 Coexistence 8.4 Types of Coexistence 8.5 Non-impactful Hunting (NIH) and Its Effects on Conservation 8.6 Hunting That Is Both Impactful and Eliminatory: Impactful and Eliminatory Hunting (IEH) 8.7 Impactful but Resilient Hunting (IRH) 8.8 Special Situations Involving IRH 8.9 Impactful but Contributory Hunting (ICH) 8.10 Interventions on Wildlife 8.11 Environmental Improvements 8.12 Interventions on the Local Community 8.13 Creating an Improvement in the Approach to Fauna (Nonresidents) 8.14 The Problem of Trophy Hunting Especially for the Venator Emptor 8.15 Case Studies of Hunting Related to Positive or Critical Consequences to Conservation 8.15.1 Case Study 1 Italy 8.15.2 Case Study 2 Hunting, Wetland Restoration, Game Conservancy 8.15.3 Case Study 3 Oregon (USA) 8.15.4 Case Study 4 Safari Club International 8.15.5 Case Study 5 Trophy Hunting in Sub-Saharan Africa 8.16 Conclusion References Chapter 9: What Do We Know About Wild Boar in Iberia? 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Study Area 9.3 History of Research 9.4 Population Development 9.5 Diet and Environmental Impacts 9.6 Behaviour and Habitat Use 9.7 Conflicts with Human Activities 9.8 Hunting Management 9.9 Survey Methods 9.10 The Future References Chapter 10: Traveling in a Fragile World: The Value of Ecotourism 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ecotourism: Definition, Principles, and Practices 10.3 Ecotourism and the Value of Natural Capital 10.4 Trophy Hunting 10.4.1 Trophy Hunting Incomes 10.5 Whale Watching 10.5.1 Whale Watching-Related Issues 10.5.2 Total Value of Whales 10.5.3 How Much Does Whaling Cost? How Much Money Do NGOs Spend to Save Whales? 10.6 African Countries 10.6.1 Botswana 10.6.1.1 The Case of Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park 10.6.2 Kenya 10.6.2.1 The Masai Mara Nature Reserve 10.6.3 Namibia 10.6.3.1 The Case of Etosha National Park (ENP) 10.6.4 Rwanda 10.6.4.1 The Case of Volcanoes National Park and the Mountain Gorilla 10.6.5 South Africa 10.6.5.1 The Case of Kruger National Park 10.6.6 Tanzania 10.6.6.1 The Case of the Serengeti-Ngorongoro Circuit 10.6.7 Uganda 10.6.7.1 The Case of Bwindi Forest National Park 10.6.8 Zimbabwe 10.6.8.1 The Case of Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) 10.7 Asian Countries 10.7.1 India 10.7.1.1 The Corbett National Park 10.7.2 Malaysia 10.7.2.1 The Case of Redang Island Marine Park 10.7.3 Nepal 10.7.3.1 The Chitwan National Park and the Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest 10.8 American Countries 10.8.1 Canada 10.8.1.1 The Case of the Spirit Bear Lodge in the Great Bear Rainforest 10.8.2 United States of America (USA) 10.8.2.1 The Case of Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming 10.8.3 Brazil 10.8.3.1 The Brazilian Pantanal 10.8.4 Costa Rica 10.8.4.1 The Case of Osa Peninsula and the Corcovado National Park 10.8.5 Ecuador 10.8.5.1 The Case of Galapagos National Park 10.9 European Countries 10.9.1 Italy 10.9.1.1 The Case of the Abruzzo Region’s Parks 10.9.2 Norway 10.9.2.1 Protected Areas in Svalbard 10.9.3 Poland 10.9.3.1 The Case of the Bialowieza Forest 10.10 Oceanian Countries 10.10.1 Australia 10.10.1.1 The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 10.11 Conclusions References Part V: Species Extinction Chapter 11: Assessing Presence, Decline, and Extinction for the Conservation of Difficult-to-Observe Species 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Value of Efforts to Recover Small Populations 11.3 The Basis for Knowledge of a Species 11.4 Key Concepts in Assessing Extinction Versus Survival 11.4.1 The Precautionary Principle 11.4.2 The Thylacine Effect 11.4.3 ‘Lazarus’ Species 11.4.4 Romeo’s Error or Extinction by Assumption 11.5 The Nature of Cryptic or Difficult-to-Observe Species 11.5.1 Low Population Density 11.5.2 Impenetrable Habitats 11.5.3 Remote Locations 11.5.4 Extensive Ranges 11.5.5 Combined Problematic Factors Affecting Observation 11.6 The Importance of Relic or Rediscovered Populations 11.6.1 Survival in Marginal Habitat or Preference for Degraded Habitat 11.6.2 Presence in Unexpected Locations 11.6.3 Revival of Relic Populations 11.6.4 Lessons from Lost Relic Populations 11.6.5 Challenges with Newly Discovered and Rediscovered Species 11.7 Building an Understanding of Cryptic Species Status 11.7.1 Using Analogue Indicators of Presence for Cryptic Species 11.7.2 Opportunities from New Technologies 11.7.3 Using Local Knowledge and Eyewitness Accounts 11.7.4 Expert Opinion 11.7.5 Sequential, Opportunistic Evidence Gathering 11.8 Analysis of Species Status from Available Data 11.8.1 Modelling Based on Habitat Suitability 11.8.2 Mathematical Modelling of Sightings, Survival, and Extinction 11.8.3 Using ‘Messy’ Longitudinal Datasets to Understand Species Status 11.9 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Case Studies 12.2.1 Cape Lion (Panthera leo melanochaita Smith, 1842) EX 12.2.2 Barbary Lion (Panthera leo leo Linnaeus, 1758) EX 12.3 Tiger (Panthera tigris) 12.3.1 Bali Tiger (Panthera tigris balica Schwarz, 1912) EX 12.3.2 Javan Tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica Temminck, 1884) EX 12.3.3 Caspian Tiger (Panthera tigris virgata Illiger, 1815) Probably EX 12.4 Leopard (Panthera pardus) 12.4.1 Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) EX? 12.4.2 Barbary Leopard (Panthera pardus panthera, Schreber 1777) CR-EX? 12.4.3 Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock, 1932) EX? 12.5 Discussion 12.6 Conclusion References Part VI: Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Rights Chapter 13: Alternative Facts and Alternative Views: Scientists, Managers, and Animal Rights Activists 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Where We Were in 2008: A Brief Recap 13.3 The Past Decade 13.3.1 Animal Rights 13.3.2 Science and Wildlife Management 13.4 Case Studies 13.4.1 Zoos and Aquariums 13.4.2 Invasive Species, with an Emphasis on Cats 13.5 Effective Communication 13.5.1 Information Systems: Attitude Reinforcement and Public Opinion Polarization 13.5.2 Language: Framing an Issue 13.6 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 14: Zoos and Conservation in the Anthropocene: Opportunities and Problems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Roles of Zoos 14.3 Ex situ Conservation 14.4 In situ Conservation and Fundraising in Support of Field Conservation 14.5 Integrated Species Conservation 14.6 Research and Development of Relevant Technologies 14.7 Public Relations and (Conservation) Education 14.7.1 Zoos as Sanctuaries 14.7.2 Deficiencies 14.8 Conservation and Management Challenges Associated with Zoos 14.8.1 Prioritizing of Biodiversity 14.8.2 Prioritizing of Collections 14.8.3 Taxonomic Instability 14.8.4 Precautionary Principle in Management 14.9 Other Management Issues 14.10 Hidden Risk of the Mean Kinship Criterion? 14.11 Nutrition and Veterinary Issues 14.12 Collaboration with Other Sectors of Society 14.13 Education and Popularization 14.14 Publication of Interesting Observation and Experiences 14.15 Collection of Material 14.16 Zoo Design Trends 14.17 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Problematic Animals in the Zoo: The Issue of Charismatic Megafauna 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Evidence-Based Animal Welfare Versus Ethics 15.3 Zoos in the Media 15.4 Zoo Welfare Research 15.5 Animals in Zoos 15.6 Discussion References Chapter 16: Cryptic Problematic Species and Troublesome Taxonomists: A Tale of the Apennine Bear and the Nile White Rhinoceros 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Taxonomic Oversimplification 16.3 Troublesome Taxonomists 16.4 History of Translocations in Conservation Biology 16.5 The Nile or Northern White Rhinoceros 16.6 Apennine Bear 16.7 Implications for Management and Conservation References Chapter 17: Communication and Wildlife Conservation (Grey Wolf and Brown Bear in Italy) 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Communication Involving Ursus arctos and Canis lupus 17.3 How Are UA and CL Doing in Italy? 17.4 How Are the Two Species Perceived? 17.4.1 The Case of the Brown Bear 17.4.2 The Case of the Grey Wolf 17.5 Assumptions 17.6 Communication as a Project 17.7 Internal, External and Organizational Communication 17.8 Management Plans 17.9 Communication Problems in the DEF Hypothesis 17.9.1 The Institution 17.10 Technical and Social Communication 17.11 Communication as Negotiation 17.12 The Communicator 17.13 The Italian Model 17.14 Conclusions References Part VII: Humans and Herpetofauna Chapter 18: Snakes, Snakebites, and Humans 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Current Snake Taxonomy 18.2 Snakebites Around the World 18.2.1 Developed Nations 18.2.2 Developing World 18.2.2.1 Africa 18.2.2.2 Americas 18.2.2.3 Asia 18.2.2.4 Australasia 18.2.3 Other Dangerous Snakes 18.3 Clinical Facets of Snakebites 18.3.1 Developed Nations 18.3.2 Developing World 18.4 Folklore 18.4.1 West/Developed World 18.4.2 East/Developing World 18.4.3 Eating Snakes 18.5 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 19: Giant Snake-Human Relationships 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Giant Snakes as Human Commensals 19.2.1 Giant Snakes as Predators on Humans and Their Commensals 19.3 Human Predation on Giant Snakes 19.3.1 The Green Anaconda 19.3.2 The African Pythons 19.3.3 Asian Pythons 19.4 Farming Pythons 19.4.1 Pythons in the Bushmeat Trade in Africa and Asia 19.5 The Australasian Pythons 19.5.1 Giant Snakes as Competitors 19.6 Invasive Populations 19.7 Designer Snakes 19.8 The Value of Giant Snakes 19.9 Conservation References Chapter 20: Risk Assessment Model for Brown Treesnake Introduction into the Continental United States 20.1 Methods 20.1.1 Statistical Analysis 20.2 Results 20.3 Discussion 20.3.1 Management Implications Literature Cited Chapter 21: The Asian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) in Madagascar: A Report of an Ongoing Invasion 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Natural History of the Asian Toad 21.3 Ecological Impacts of Toad Invasions 21.4 A Critical Analysis of the Management of the Toad Invasion in Madagascar: What Went Wrong? 21.5 The Risk-Assessment Framework and a Plea for Applied Research 21.5.1 Latest News from the Invasion Front 21.5.2 Modelling Future Scenarios of the Invasion 21.5.3 Investigating Potential Impacts 21.6 Future Steps References Index