Nine Lives of Neoliberalism

Description

Untangling the long history of neoliberalism Neoliberalism is dead. Again. Yet the philosophy of the free market and the strong state has an uncanny capacity to survive, and even thrive, in times of crisis. Understanding neoliberalism’s longevity and its latest permutation requires a more detailed understanding of its origins and development. This volume breaks with the caricature of neoliberalism as a simple, unvariegated belief in market fundamentalism and homo economicus. It shows how neoliberal thinkers perceived institutions from the family to the university, disagreed over issues from intellectual property rights and human behavior to social complexity and monetary order, and sought to win consent for their project through the creation of new honors, disciples, and networks. Far from a monolith, neoliberal thought is fractured and, occasionally, even at war with itself. We can begin to make sense of neoliberalism’s nine lives only by understanding its own tangled and complex history. Nine Lives of Neoliberalism Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments Introduction Lifeboat Neoliberalism Chapter Outline Part One: Neoliberal Science beyond Market Fundamentalism 1 Recoding Liberalism: Philosophy and Sociology of Science against Planning Vienna Clarity and Opacity in the Liberal Order The Mantle of Science Building a Neoliberal Research Program Conclusion 2 On Skinning a Cat: George Stigler on the Marketplace of Ideas Science Contra Democracy Intellectual Freedom Contra Academic Freedom Stigler Contra Friedman Three Ways to Skin a Cat 3 The Law of the Sea of Ignorance: F. A. Hayek, Fritz Machlup, and other Neoliberals Confront the Intellectual Property Problem F. A. Hayek and the Knowledge Problem Fritz Machlup and the Invention of the Knowledge Economy Explaining the Global Enclosure of Ideas: TRIPS against the NIEO Conclusion: Three Ways of Historicizing Neoliberalism Part Two: Neoliberal Subjectivity beyond Homo Economicus 4 Neoliberalism’s Family Values: Welfare, Human Capital, and Kinship Family Responsibility and the American Poor Laws From Private Family Responsibility to Public Responsibility for the Family Neoliberalism and the Revival of Family Responsibility The Revival of Family Responsibility in Practice: From Reagan to Clinton Human Capital, Household Debt, and Family Responsibility 5 Schumpeter Revival? How Neoliberals Revised the Image of the Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship’s Underdog: Ludwig von Mises Building on Mises: Kirzner Confronts Schumpeter Günter Schmölders and the Image of the Entrepreneur Incorporating Schumpeter: Herbert Giersch’s Unification of Schumpeter and Mises Conclusion 6 Human Behavior as a Limit to and a Means of State Intervention: Günter Schmölders and Behavioral Economics Alcohol, Taxation, and Price Policy—Schmölders in Weimar and the Third Reich Economic Behavioral Research and Empirical Socioeconomics in Cologne Behavioral Limits to State Intervention Conclusion: Behavioral Economics and Neoliberalism Part Three: Neoliberal Internationalism beyond the Washington Consensus 7 Embedded Early Neoliberalism: Transnational Origins of the Agenda of Liberalism Reconsidered Introduction: The Walter Lippmann Colloquium and Early Neoliberalism Early Neoliberalism Before and After the Walter Lippmann Colloquium Embedding the Walter Lippmann Colloquium Embedding Early Neoliberals into the Origins of “Macro-Dynamic Economics” Conclusion 8 What Comes After Bretton Woods? Neoliberals Debate and Fight for a Future Monetary Order From the Classical Gold Standard to Bretton Woods: The Historical Context ‘Pèlerinians Could Agree on Everything Save God and Gold’: The Internal Debates in the Postwar Decades Conferences, Think Tanks and the Nixon Administration: Freedom Fighters in Action Conclusion 9 The Neoliberal Ersatz Nobel Prize The Real Nobel Prizes The Bank of Sweden Goes Rogue The Mont Pèlerin Connection Some Episodes on the Road to a Neoliberal Economics The 1974 Prize Awarded to Friedrich Hayek and Gunnar Myrdal Other Economics Prizes Abandoned Conclusion Part Four: Neoliberal Influence beyond Reagan, Thatcher, and Pinochet 10 How the Neoliberal Think Tank Went Global: The Atlas Network, 1981 to the Present At the Creation: The Origins of Atlas Geographical Reach: From Controlled Expansion to Global Ambition Modes of Enlisting: From ad hoc Identification to Organized Outreach Mechanisms of Diffusion: From Tailored Interventions to Standardized Processes Strategies of Stabilization: From Network Consolidation to Community Integration Conclusion 11 Think Tank Networks of German Neoliberalism: Power Structures in Economics and Economic Policies in Postwar Germany Ordoliberalism as Part of the Neoliberal Thought Collective The Performative Footprint as a Measurement of the External Influence of Economists History of German Neoliberalism in Economic Think Tank Networks Infrastructures of German Neoliberalism in the Early Federal Republic of Germany Infrastructures of German Neoliberalism During the Monetarist Turn in Germany The Influence of German Neoliberalism During the Neoliberal Turn The Long Shadow of German Neoliberalism in Economics Conclusion About the Contributors Bibliography