Water-Energy-Nexus in the Ecological Transition: Natural-Based Solutions, Advanced Technologies and Best Practices for Environmental Sustainability

Description

This volume includes selected contributions presented during the 3rd edition of the international conference on WaterEnergyNEXUS, which was held in Tunisia in December 2020.  This conference was organized by the University of Sfax (Tunisia), in cooperation with the Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) of the University of Salerno (Italy), the Advanced Institute of Water Industry at Kyungpook National University (Korea) and The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI (India). The WaterEnergyNEXUS series of conferences are supported by the UNESCO World Water Association Programme (WWAP) and the International Water Association (IWA). It also enjoys the patronage of several international scientific societies, associations and organizations and has established a publishing partnership with Springer Nature. With the support of international experts invited as plenary and keynote speakers, the conference aimed to give a platform for Euro-Mediterranean countries to share and discuss key topics on such water-energy issues through the presentation of nature-based solutions, advanced technologies and best practices for a more sustainable environment within the framework of the ecological transition.  This volume gives a general and brief overview of current research focusing on emerging Water-Energy-Nexus issues and challenges and their potential applications to various environmental problems impacting the Euro-Mediterranean zone and surrounding regions. A selection of novel and alternative solutions applied worldwide are included. The volume contains over about one hundred carefully refereed contributions from 48 Countries worldwide selected for the conference. Topics covered in the book include:  Nexus framework and governance; Economic evalu ations for investment projects in the water and energy sectors; Innovation of renewable energies and challenges for the mitigation of climate change impact in the water-energy-food-nexus; Advanced technologies and nature-based solutions for the environmental sustainability of the water sector; Water and wastewater technologies for developing countries; Green technologies for sustainable water and wastewater management; Advanced technologies and nature-based solutions in water cycle; Control of hazardous substances and recovery of renewable/valuable resources; Renewable/valuable resources for recovery and utilization; Control of nutrients and hazardous compounds; Energy-saving technologies and future clean energy solutions; Future urban-energy systems with considerations of water and food security; Environmental Biotechnology and Bioenergy; Implementation and best practices. This volume is also an invaluable guide for industry professionals and policymakers working in the water and energy sectors. Preface Contents About the Editors Nexus Framework and Governance: Economic Evaluations for Investment Projects in the Water and Energy Sectors 1 Investments in the Water and Energy Sectors. Cost–Benefit Analysis and Multi-criteria Assessments to Support the Decision-Making Processes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Cost–Benefit Analysis and Multi-criteria Decision-Making 3 The Economic Analysis of Projects in the Water and Energy Sectors: Critical Issues 4 Conclusion References 2 Sustainability and Energy Efficiency in Twentieth-Century Italian Built Heritage Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Settings and Approach 3 Method and Results 4 Conclusion References 3 Long-Term Effects Evaluation for Investments in the Energy and Water Sectors Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 4 Economic Sustainability of Direct Energy Efficiency Investments for Gas and Energy Distributors to Comply with the PAEE (Italian National Plan for Energy Efficiency) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 5 Technical–economic Analysis of Novel Generation Aquaponic System for a Sustainable Development Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 6 Cost Control in the Construction of Water Distribution and Collection Networks: Verification of a Multivariate Model Through Application to Case Studies Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The State of Art 3 The Model of Salerno University 4 Verification of the UNISA Model 5 Conclusion References 7 How Can We Use the Water Cost Instrument in a Scarcity Scenario for the Power Sector in Brazil? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Opportunity Cost Value of Water for Irrigation 2.2 The Water Charge for Thermoelectric Generation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Final Considerations References 8 The Reorganization of Tariff Classes in the Integrated Water Service. An Optimizing Model for Define the Tariff Classes in Compliance with TICSI Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Tariff Classes According to the TICSI 3 The Proposed Model 4 Application to a Real Case and Results 5 Conclusion References 9 An Economic Model for Urban Watershed Forestry Investments Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Analysis Algorithm 3 Conclusion References 10 Financial Risk Analysis for Water and Energy Projects Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 11 Measures to Face Population Decline of Small Villages: Sustainable and Integrated Energy Strategies for the Internal Areas Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Debate on Renewable Sources and Their Ecological Footprint 3 The Sustainable and Integrated Energy Strategy for Some Calabrian Municipalities 4 Conclusion References 12 Risk Analysis for the Integrated Water Service Manager in the Selection of Investments—The ALARP Applied to the Program of Interventions Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Application and Results 4 Conclusions References 13 The Investment in Sponsorship for the Managers of the Integrated Urban Water Service: A Model to Promote the Rational Use of Water Resources and Improve the Perception of the Service for Users Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Nexus Framework and Governance: Innovation of Renewable Energies and Challenges for the Mitigation of Climate Change Impact in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus 14 Energy Consumption of Irrigation Systems: A Functional Perspective Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Irrigation Physical Infrastructures 3.2 Systems’ Performance 4 Discussion 5 Perspectives References 15 Exploring the Interplay Between Water Availability and Solar and Wind Energy Potential in the Algarve (Portugal) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Data and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 16 Strengthening Understanding on Renewable Energy Access for Broader Development Outcomes in West Africa Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Enabling and Constraining Factors 3.2 Impact of Renewable Energy Access to the Livelihood 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 17 Integrative Energy-Water Audits in Public Buildings Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 18 Balancing Equity and Efficiency? Water Governance Reform in South Africa Abstract 1 Introduction: Equity and Efficiency 2 Methodologies 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 New Juridical Foundations: 1996 Constitution and 1998 National Water Act 3.2 New Organizational Setting: Corporation and Regulatory Units 3.3 New Institutional Arrangements: Free Basic Water, Prepaid Meter, and Increasing Block Tariff 4 Conclusions References 19 Embracing Water-Energy-Climate Change in South Africa Through the Integrated Water Resource Management Approach Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approaches 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 20 Looking at the Past to Understand the Present and Future of Urban Water–Energy Nexus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Historical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Adapting the Electrification Process to the Brazilian Reality 3.2 Urban Electrification: The Case of São Paulo 3.3 Early Impacts of Electrification 3.4 Current and Future Impacts 4 Conclusion References 21 Urban Farming for the Development of Sustainable Cities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Innovative Urban Farming Techniques 3 Urban Farming in the Former Cirio Factory in Paestum 4 Conclusion References 22 Climate Change and the Water‒Energy Nexus in the MENA Region Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The MENA Region and Climate Change 2.1 General Characteristics 2.2 Climate Change 3 The Water‒Energy Nexus 3.1 Brief Background 3.2 The Water–Energy Nexus in the MENA Region 4 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies and Measures 5 Conclusion References 23 WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS Challenges and Opportunities for Mauritius Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Findings of the Desk Research 3.2 Findings of the Delphi Survey 3.3 Findings of the Applications of the FAO WEF Nexus Rapid Appraisal Tool 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 24 Implications of Rainfall Variabilities in Light of Climate Change on Crop Production in the Sudano-Sahelian Belt of Nigeria Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Settings and Method 2.1 Settings 2.2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Rainfall and Crop Production 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 25 Water Conservation Indexing: The HVAC of Suranaree University of Technology Hospital Main Building Case Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Water Availability, Capped Water Availability, and Water Accessibility 2.2 Water Conservation Level 2.3 SUTH Main Building HVAC Water 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 26 Water and Carbon Footprints for the Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Carbon Footprint 2.2 Water Footprint 3 Results 4 Conclusions References 27 Urban Density, Electricity Consumption, and Greenhouse Gas Emission: An Analysis of Italian Cities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Sample of Analysis and the Hedonic Price Model 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References 28 Guidelines on Assessment of Urban Development Impact on Water Security and Environmental Sustainability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Remote Sensing and GIS 2.2 Surface Water Sources 2.3 Urban Particulates and Sediments 2.4 Pollution Assessment 3 Results 4 Conclusion References 29 Climate Change and Salinity Intrusion in the Water Sources of Coastal Khulna District, Bangladesh Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Climate Change 3.2 Electrical Conductivity 3.3 Salinity 3.4 Concentrations of Ca and Mg 4 Conclusion References Advanced Technologies and Nature-Based Solutions for the Environmental Sustainability of the Water Sector: Water and Wastewater Technologies for Developing Countries 30 Investigation of Graphene Oxide (GO)-Manganese Oxide (MnO2) Nanocomposite in Metal Ions Adsorption from Wastewater Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 SEM and EDX Spectrum and Mapping 4 Conclusions References 31 Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Super-Hydrophobic Fe2O3 for Membrane Distillation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 32 Biofouling Mitigation Using Graphene Oxide Functionalized Polyethylenimine/Sulfonated Polysulfone Composite Membranes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 FTIR and TGA Analyses 4 Conclusions References 33 Influence of CO2 Addition and Semi-Continuous Feed Regime on Pathogen Removal—Shaded HRAP Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Pathogens Removal Efficiency 3.2 Productivity and Settleability of Biomass and Microalgae Population 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 34 Removal of Clostridium Perfringens and Staphylococcus sp. In Microalgae-Bacterial System: Influence of Microalgae Inoculum and CO2/O2 Addition Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Pathogen Removal Efficiencies 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 35 Self-assembled Positively Charged MWCNT-GO Composites for Wastewater Treatment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Functionalization of MWCNT 2.2 Graphene Oxide Synthesis 2.3 Preparation of f-MWCNT/GO Composite 2.4 Characterization Tests 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 36 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Treated Domestic Wastewater for Reuse in a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 37 Self-assembled Negatively Charged GO-MWCNT Composite for Wastewater Filtration Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Synthetic of GO and FGO 2.2 Synthesis of Oxidized MWCNT-COOH 2.3 Preparation of Negatively Charged FGO/MWCNT-COOH Composite 2.4 Characterization of FGO/MWCNT-COOH Composites 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 38 Intermittent Aeration and Oxygen Flowrate Monitoring for Nitrogen Removal Enhancement in a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Chotrana II WWTP Performance Assessment and Sludge Fractioning 3.2 Aeration Efficiency Assessment Under Different Conditions 3.3 Effect of Aeration Conditions Variation on Nitrification/denitrification Efficiency 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 39 Synthesis and Characterization of Fe3O4-Ag Composite Nanoparticles for Oil–Water Separation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 2.2 Synthesis of Fe3O4-Ag Nanoparticles 2.3 Characterization of Fe3O4-Ag Nanoparticles 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 40 Application of Response Surface Methodology in Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Abstract 1 Introduction 2 RSM Procedure 3 Results 3.1 Coagulation and Flocculation 3.2 Absorption and Biosorption 3.3 Chemical Oxidation 3.4 Electrochemical Treatment 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 41 Environmental Impact Assessment of Desalination Plants in the Gulf Region Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Energy Requirement for Various Desalination Processes 3 Strategies for Brine Disposal 4 ZLD Approach and Its Challenges 5 Future Research Development and Approaches in Desalination 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 42 Exploitation of Micro-geodetic Data in the Auscultation Study of the Sidi Salem Dam (Tunisia) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Interpretation 3.1 Bathymetric Study 3.2 The Siltation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 43 Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by a Simple Low-Cost Adsorption Method Using Luffa cylindrica (Palestinian Territories) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Settings 3 Results 3.1 Characterization of OMW After Different Types of Pretreatments 3.2 Adsorption on L. cylindrica 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 44 Effectiveness of Water Hyacinth and Arum Shoot Powders to Remove Cr and Cu from Tannery Effluents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Effluents Collection and Preservation 2.2 Sample Digestion, Analysis and Standard Solution 2.3 Preparation of Adsorbents 2.4 Batch Experiments and Statistical Analysis 2.5 Calculation of Cu and Cr Removal Percentage 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 WSP Efficacy 3.2 ASP Efficacy 4 Conclusion References 45 Salinity Levels in Pond, Deep Tube Well and Pond Sand Filter Water in Two Unions of Southwestern Coastal District Satkhira, Bangladesh Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Electrical Conductivity 3.2 Total Dissolved Solids 3.3 Salinity 3.4 Sodium 3.5 Potassium 4 Conclusions and Suggestions References 46 Effect of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater Treated by Coagulation–Flocculation on the Soil Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 47 Nitrogen Removal from Secondary Effluents Through a Simple and Double Filtration on Sand Filter Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Advanced Technologies and Nature-Based Solutions for the Environmental Sustainability of the Water Sector: Green Technologies for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management 48 Advanced Wastewater Treatment by Electro Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane Bioreactors: Pilot-Scale Application Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 49 Water-Soluble Chitosan Nanofibrous Membranes for Efficient Dye Removal Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Physical Properties and Morphology 3.2 Dye Removal 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 50 Sustainable Production of Affordable Ceramic Membranes from Readily Available Raw Materials Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Conventional and Alternative Ceramic Membranes 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Manufacturing 2.3 Performance 3 Energy Consumption in Manufacture: Preliminary Estimate 4 Conclusion References 51 Hydraulic and Energy-Integrated Study of Reclaimed Wastewater in the Lower Mijares River Basin (Castelló)—Spain Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Settings and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 52 Analysis of Membrane Fouling Reported in Membrane Photobioreactors (MPBRs) for Treatment of Secondary Effluents Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 3.1 Membrane Fouling Evolution 3.2 Removal and Recovery Efficiency 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 53 Advanced Process for PFAS Removal from a Leachate Landfill: On-site Plant Based on Reverse Osmosis and Evaporation Technology Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 54 Tunisian Geothermal Potential for Desalination Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review on Geothermal Desalination 3 Geothermal Tunisian Potential 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 55 Involvement of Citizens in the Measurements of Water Salinity Using Test Kits in the Medjerda Watershed (Northern Tunisia) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Reliability of Test Kits 3.2 Citizen-Based Outcomes for Test Kits Measurements 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 56 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Equipped with Waste-Based Ceramic Membranes: Relation with Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 LCC of AnMBRs—Membrane Contribution 3 Role of Waste-Based Ceramic Membranes in LCC Reduction 3.1 Types of Wastes Utilized as Raw Materials 3.2 End-of-Life Management of Waste-Based Ceramic Membranes 4 Conclusion References 57 South African Hotels and Hospitality Industry Response to Climate Change-Induced Water Insecurity Under the Sustainable Development Goals Banner Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Trends in Water Use and Consumption by Hotels in South Africa 3.2 Water Efficiency and Technology in South African Hotel Industry 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 58 NEW Humidification–Dehumidification System Operating on the Principle of an Airlift Pump with Variable Height Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Airlift Pumping of Liquid Water 3.2 Effect of Sea Water Temperature on the Productivity 3.3 Effect of Initial Water Level in the Riser 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References s 59 Investigation of Biochar Potential to Improve Plant Growth and Water Retention in a High-Quality Potting Mixture Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Feedstock and Biochar Preparation 2.2 Characterization of Potting Mixture and Biochar 2.3 Application to Potting Mixture 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Plant Growth 3.2 Water Holding Capacity and Evapotranspiration 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 60 Farmers’ Willingness to Accept Compensation for Crops Conversion Programs in Semi-Arid Regions of Tunisia: The Case Study of Nabeul Governorate Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 61 Numerical Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse with Plants Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Numerical Model 3 Results 3.1 Influence of the Vegetation on Air Temperature 3.2 Influence of the Vegetation on Air Relative Humidity 3.3 Influence of the Vegetation on Turbulent Dissipation Rate (ε) 4 Conclusion References 62 Simulated Performance of a Solar Greenhouse Dryer for Drying of Olive Mill Wastewater Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Dryer Design 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Mesh 3 The Mathematical Formulation 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Advanced Technologies and Nature-Based Solutions for the Environmental Sustainability of the Water Sector: Advanced Technologies and Nature-Based Solutions in Water Cycle 63 Biogas Upgrading Technologies in Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant for Energy Recovery Optimization Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Biogas Upgrading Technologies 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References 64 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration as Efficient, Sustainable Pretreatment Technologies for Resource Recovery Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Characteristics of Anaerobic Immersed Membrane Bioreactor (iMBR) Products 3.2 Characteristics of Ultrafiltered Solution 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 65 Modeling Directional Water Flux in Fractured Rock Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Fracture and Hydrological Modeling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 66 A Satellite-Based Framework to Investigate the Impact of Sand Dams on Landscapes in Semi-arid Regions Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 67 Perspectives on Performance of Anaerobic Reactors Treating Wastewater on Restart Post-shutdown—A Review Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Restart of Anaerobic Reactors 2.1 Anaerobic Reactors Treating Municipal Wastewater 2.2 Anaerobic Reactors Treating Industrial Wastewater 2.3 Parameters for Evaluating Post-restart Performance of Anaerobic Reactors 2.4 Shutdown Impact on Microbial Community 3 Conclusion References 68 Steam Reforming of Biogas from Different Feedstocks for H2 Production and Its Use in PEMFC: Thermodynamic Analysis Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Pressure 3.2 Effect of Steam-to-Methane Ratio 3.3 Yield of H2 3.4 Energy Requirement 3.5 Power Generation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 4 Conclusion References 69 The Effect of Solar Tracking System on Thermal Performance of Solar Dryer Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 70 State of the Art on Water Consumption and Wastewater Reuse in Developing Countries Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Water Withdrawal 3 Wastewater Generation and Treatment 4 Wastewater Reuse 5 Conclusion References 71 Polysulfone-Based Ultrafiltration Membranes: Preparation, Characterisation and Use Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemicals 2.2 Characterisation 2.3 Ultrafiltration Apparatus 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 FTIR Characterisation 3.2 Thermal Characterisation 3.3 Hydrodynamic Characterisation and Permselectivity Study 4 Conclusions References Control of Hazardous Substances and Recovery of Renewable/Valuable Resources: Renewable/Valuable Resources for Recovery and Utilization 72 Modular Treatment of Arsenic-Laden Brackish Groundwater Using Solar-Powered Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) (Vietnam) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 73 Tungsten Oxide-Blended PVDF-HFP Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of the WO3@PVDF-HFP Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes 4 Conclusions References 74 Model-Based Feasibility Assessment of a Resource Recovery Strategy in the Largest Italian WWTP Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References 75 Methane Production from Pretreated Anaerobic Sludge Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 76 Forested Infiltration Area (FIA) Design in the Arborea Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (Sardinia, Italy) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Settings, Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Pilot Site Identification 3.2 Monitoring Plan 3.3 Passive Treatment System Design 3.4 FIA System Design 4 Discussion and Conclusion Acknowledgements References 77 Technological Development of Aquaponic Systems to Improve the Circular Bioeconomy in Urban Agriculture: A Perspective Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Hydroponics and Aquaculture Systems 3 Understanding Aquaponic Systems 4 Main Challenges and Perspectives References 78 Modeling of Groundwater Flow in the Mio-Plio-Quaternary of the Valley of Oued Righ in the Southeast of Algeria Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 The Permanent and Transient Regime 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 79 Urban Riparian Areas—Ecosystems that Can Improve the Quality of Life and Water and Mitigate Climate Change Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Visual Protocols 3.2 Stream Water Quality 3.3 Stream Discharge Measurements 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 80 Effects of Phosphogypsum Amendment on Soil Physical Properties and Erodibility in the Sandy Soil of South Tunisia Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Site Description and Soil Mixtures 2.2 Physical Soil Analyses 3 Results 3.1 Effect of Phosphogypsum Treatment on Particle Size Distribution and Water Holding Capacity (WHC) 3.2 Effect of Phosphogypsum Treatment in Soil Erodibility (k) 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Control of Hazardous Substances and Recovery of Renewable/Valuable Resources: Control of Nutrients and Hazardous Compounds 81 Abatement of Atmospheric Pollutants: UV–Ozone Oxidation for the Degradation of Gaseous Toluene Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 82 Wastewater Treatment and Membrane Fouling Control Using an Algae-Sludge Membrane Bioreactor (AS-MBR) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 83 Fate of Critically Ranked Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Plasma-Treated Water Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Inactivation of Carbapenem Resistance Gene Klebsiella Pneumoniae 3 Results 3.1 Detection of Resistance Gene After Treatment 3.2 Evaluation of Re-growth 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 84 Monitoring Water Bodies Using Sentinel-1 Imagery for the Effective and Sustainable Mosquito Larvae Control [Greece] Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Performance of the Water Surface Mapping Methods 3.2 Application of Otsu Valley-emphasis Method During the May–June Period 4 Conclusions References 85 Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants from Wastewater: Adsorption of an Antibiotic (Amoxicillin) on Activated Carbon Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 86 Study of Water in a Rainwater Harvesting Technique (Majels and Fesguias) in the Matmata Mountains Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Energy-Saving Technologies and Future Clean Energy Solutions: Future Urban-Energy Systems with Considerations of Water and Food Security 87 Thermal Energy Recovery from Drinking Water Systems: Assessing Water Quality and Downstream Temperature Effects Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Cases 3 Methods 3.1 Determination Range of Temperature Change 3.2 Water Quality Measurements 4 Results 4.1 Range of Temperature Change 4.2 Water Quality 5 Conclusions References 88 Estimation of Electrical Power Needed Using Solar Panels for Optimum Rose Flower Cultivation Under Greenhouse Condition/Al-Quds University/Palestine Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 89 Improvement of the Photovoltaic Greenhouse Irrigation Using Computational Fluid Dynamic: Efficient Use of Water Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Numerical Modeling and Boundary Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Transpiration 3.2 Humidity 4 Conclusions References 90 Economic and Technical Potential of Geothermal Energy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Geothermal Energy 3 Geothermal Resources in Saudi Arabia 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 91 Shallow Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation Purposes Based on Irrigation Water Quality Criteria and Its Zoning with GIS in the Guenniche Plain (North Tunisia) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Setting and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References 92 Assessment of Groundwater Abstraction for Irrigation Practices Using FAO-CROPWAT Model and GIS: Case Study of Hajeb Layoun-Jelma Basin (Central Tunisia) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Assessment of Pumped Volume 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 93 Evaluation of the Performance of Membrane Distillation Systems Coupled with Solar Energy Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Investigated Configurations 2.1 Coupling Possibilities 3 Potential of Different Configurations Results 3.1 Case of Hollow Fibers 3.2 Flat Membranes 4 Conclusions References Energy-Saving Technologies and Future Clean Energy Solutions: Environmental Biotechnology and Bioenergy 94 Advanced Membrane PhotoBioReactor (mPBR) Versus Traditional BioReactors for the Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs): A Comparative Analysis in Terms of Performance and Energy Consumption Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 95 The Effect of Cattle’s Feed Treatment on Biogas Upgrading Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Methane Production and Biogas Volume 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 96 Anaerobic Digestion Engineering Opportunities for Fruit and Vegetable Waste Management in the Water–Energy–Waste Nexus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Characterization of Substrates 3.2 Batch Anaerobic Fermentations 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 97 Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste Under Mesophilic Conditions: A Case-Study at Umbria Region (Italy) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Materials 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Characterizations of the Substrates 3.2 Daily and Cumulative Biogas Production 3.3 Daily pH Control 4 Conclusion References 98 Sustainable Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Integrated Algal–bacterial Photobioreactor Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Microorganisms Preparation 2.2 Experimental Set-Up and Operating Procedure 2.3 Analytical Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 99 Natural Clays as Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Phosphogypsum Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Clays Characterization 3.2 Phosphogypsum Characterization 3.3 Columns Tests 4 Conclusions References 100 Evaluation of Biodiesel Produced from Frying Oil in an Internal Combustion Engine Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Characterization of Biodiesel from Frying Oils and Its Blends 3.2 Performances of the Internal Combustion Engine 3.3 Exhaust Gas Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Implementation and Best Practices 101 At the Nexus of Water and Energy Sectors: Flexible Electricity Generation from Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 102 Efficient Operation of a WWTP Under High-Load Conditions: A Model-Based Feasibility Analysis for Implementing the Side-Stream Deammonification Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 103 Wastewater Characterization During Wet Weather Events: Practical Complications of Investigating an Overlooked Necessity Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References 104 Water-Energy-Efficient Solutions for Residential Buildings: A Comparison Between Italian and Spanish Legislations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Water Supply 2.2 Drainage of Waters 3 Results 3.1 Results—Water Supply 3.2 Results—Drainage of Waters 4 Conclusions References 105 Architectural Development of the Buildings’ Envelope to Improve Energy Efficiency Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Samples Preparation 2.2 Characterization Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 106 Nitrogen Reducing the Inhibitory Action of Saline Water on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Development Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Morphological and Physiological Plant State 3.2 Grain Yield 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 107 Municipal Solid Waste Life Cycle Study and Its Influence on Water Security in the Tunisian Context Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 108 Effect of the Sandy Amendments Practiced on the Water Characteristics of the Soil in the Oases of Southern Tunisia: Case of the Oasis of Nefzaoua Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Irrigation Dose 3 Results 3.1 Effect of Sandy Amendment Practiced on FC and PWP 3.2 Effect of Sandy Amendment Practiced on Irrigation Dose 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 109 Comparison Between PID and Predictive Controllers Applied to a Cooling System Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Modeling and Control of the Cooling System 2.1 System Modeling 2.2 PID Regulator 2.3 Predictive Controller 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References 110 Economical Assessment of Supplementary Irrigation of Olive Trees in Jenin District/Palestine Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 The Characteristics of Irrigated Olive Trees 3.2 The Economic Sustainability According to the Supplemental Project Used 3.3 Net Present Value 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References