Design of Aircraft
Book information
Description
The approach of this book is to demonstrate how theoretical aspects, drawn from topics on airplane aerodynamics, aircraft structures, stability and control, propulsion, and compressible flows, can be applied to produce a new conceptual aircraft design. The book cites theoretical expressions wherever possible, but also stresses the interplay of different aspects of the design which often require compromises. KEY TOPICS: Coverage includes the conceptual design of an aircraft; iterative and repetitive calculations, and the different degrees of dependence of the aircraft characteristics on changing input conditions. MARKET: For professionals in the Aerospace Engineering field. Contents Preface Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Defining A New Design 1.1.1 Aircraft Purpose 1.1.2 Payload 1.1.3 Cruise and Maximum Speeds 1.1.4 Normal Cruise Altitude 1.1.5 Range 1.1.6 Endurance 1.1.7 Take-Off Distance 1.1.8 Landing Distance 1.1.9 Purchase Cost 1.1.10 Federal Aviation Regulations 1.2 Design Process 1.3 Conceptual Design Chapter 2: Preliminary Estimate of Take-Off Weight 2.1 Fuel Fraction Estimates 2.1.1 Engine Start-Up and Take-Off 2.1.2 Climb and Accelerate to Cruise Conditions 2.1.3 Cruise Out to Destination 2.1.4 Acceleration to High Speed (Intercept) 2.1.5 Combat 2.1.6 Return Cruise 2.1.7 Loiter 2.1.8 Landing 2.2 Total Take-Off Weight 2.3 Spreadsheet Approach for Take-Off Weight Estimate 2.3.1 Spreadsheet Structure 2.3.2 Using the Spreadsheet 2.3.3 Case Study: Take-Off Weight Estimate 2.3.4 Closing Remarks 2.4 Problems Chapter 3: Wing Loading Selection 3.1 Take-Off 3.2 Landing 3.3 Climb 3.4 Acceleration 3.5 Range 3.6 Combat 3.6.1 Instantaneous Turn Rate 3.6.2 Sustained Turn Rate 3.7 Flight Ceiling 3.8 Glide Rate 3.9 Spreadsheet Approach for Wing Loading Analysis 3.9.1 Spreadsheet Structure 3.9.2 Case Study: Wing Loading Analysis 3.10 Problems Chapter 4: Main Wing Design 4.1 Airfoil Cross-Section Shape 4.1.1 Airfoil Shape Selection 4.2 Taper Ratio Selection 4.3 Sweep Angle Selection 4.4 3D Lift Coefficient 4.5 Wing Drag Estimation 4.5.1 Base Drag Estimation 4.6 Planform Geometric Relations 4.7 Spreadsheet for Wing Design 4.7.1 Case Study: Wing Design 4.8 Problems Chapter 5: Fuselage Design 5.1 Volume Considerations 5.1.1 Passenger Requirements 5.1.2 Crew Requirements 5.1.3 Fuel Storage Requirements 5.1.4 Internal Engines and Air Inlets 5.1.5 Wing Attachments 5.1.6 Landing Gear Placement 5.1.7 Armament Placement 5.2 Aerodynamic Considerations 5.2.1 Fuselage Fineness Ratio 5.2.2 Fuselage Shapes 5.3 Drag Estimation 5.4 Spreadsheet for Fuselage Design 5.4.1 Case Study: Wing Design 5.5 Problems Chapter 6: Horizontal and Vertical Tail Design 6.1 Tail Arrangements 6.2 Horizontal and Vertical Tail Sizing 6.2.1 Vertical Tail Sizing 6.2.2 Aft-Horizontal Tail Sizing 6.2.3 Canard Sizing 6.2.4 Scaling for Different Tail Types 6.3 Tail Planform Shape 6.4 Airfoil Section Type 6.5 Tail Placement 6.5.1 Stall Control 6.5.2 Spin Control 6.6 Spreadsheet for Tail Design 6.6.1 Case Study: Tail Design 6.7 Problems Chapter 7: Engine Selection 7.1 Propulsion Selection 7.2 Number of Engines 7.3 Engine Ratings 7.3.1 Take-Off 7.3.2 Maximum Climb 7.3.3 Maximum Cruise 7.4 Turbo-Jet Engine Sizing 7.4.1 Altitude and Velocity Effects 7.4.2 Installed Thrust Corrections 7.4.3 Spreadsheet for Turbo-Jet Engine Sizing 7.5 Propeller Propulsion Systems 7.5.1 Propeller Design for Cruise 7.5.2 Static Thrust 7.5.3 Turboprop Propulsion 7.5.4 Piston and Turboprop Sizing 7.5.5 Propeller Spreadsheet 7.6 Supersonic Business Jet Case Study 7.7 Problems Chapter 8: Take-Off and Landing 8.1 Take-Off 8.1.1 Ground Roll 8.1.2 Rotation 8.1.3 Transition 8.1.4 Climb 8.1.5 Balanced Field Length 8.2 Landing 8.2.1 Approach 8.2.2 Transition 8.2.3 Free-Roll 8.2.4 Braking 8.3 Spreadsheet Approach for Take-Off and Landing Analysis 8.3.1 Case Study: Take-Off and Landing 8.4 Problems Chapter 9: Enhanced Lift Design 9.1 Passive Lift Enhancement 9.1.1 Lift Determination 9.1.2 Drag Determination 9.2 Active Lift Enhancement 9.3 Spreadsheet for Enhanced Lift Calculations 9.3.1 Case Study: Enhanced Lift Design 9.4 Problems Chapter 10: Structural Design and Material Selection 10.1 Structural Loads 10.1.1 Load Factors 10.1.2 V-n Diagrams 10.1.3 Design Load Factor 10.1.4 Wing Load Distribution 10.1.5 Shear and Bending Moment Analysis 10.1.6 Fuselage Load Distribution 10.1.7 Shear and Bending Moment Analysis 10.2 Internal Structure Design 10.2.1 Structural Analysis 10.3 Material Selection 10.3.1 Material Properties and Applications 10.4 Spreadsheet for Structure Design 10.4.1 Load Factors 10.4.2 Wing Load Distribution 10.4.3 Fuselage Load Distribution 10.5 Case Study: Structural Analysis 10.5.1 Load Factor 10.5.2 Wing Load Distribution 10.5.3 Fuselage Load Distribution 10.6 Problems Chapter 11: Static Stability and Control 11.1 Refined Weight Estimate 11.1.1 Wing Weight 11.1.2 Horizontal Tail Weight 11.1.3 Vertical Tail Weight 11.1.4 Fuselage Weight 11.1.5 Main Landing Gear Weight 11.1.6 Nose Landing Gear Weight 11.2 Static Stability 11.2.1 Longitudinal (Pitch) Stability 11.2.2 Lateral Stability 11.2.3 Directional Stability 11.2.4 Aileron Sizing 11.2.5 Rudder Area Sizing 11.2.6 Longitudinal Stability Effect on Performance 11.3 Spreadsheet for Refined Weight and Stability Analysis 11.3.1 Refined Weight Analysis 11.3.2 Static Stability Analysis 11.4 Case Study: Refined Weight and Static Stability Analysis 11.4.1 Refined Weight Analysis 11.4.2 Static Stability Analysis 11.5 Problems Chapter 12: Cost Estimate 12.1 Cost Estimating Relationships 12.1.1 Airframe Engineering 12.1.2 Development Support Cost 12.1.3 Engine and Avionics Cost 12.1.4 Manufacturing Labor Cost 12.1.5 Manufacturing Materials Cost 12.1.6 Tooling Cost 12.1.7 Quality Control 12.1.8 Flight Test Cost 12.1.9 Profit 12.1.10 Hourly Rates 12.2 Unit Price 12.3 Spreadsheet for Cost Estimation 12.4 Case Study: Cost Estimate 12.5 Problems Chapter 13: Design Summary and Trade Study 13.1 Trade Study 13.1.1 SSBJ Trade Study 13.2 Problems APPENDIX A: 1976 STANDARD ATMOSPHERE DATA APPENDIX B: CASE STUDY: HIGH-PERFORMANCE KIT AIRCRAFT (HPKA) B.1 Take-Off Weight Estimate B.2 Wing Loading Selection B.3 Wing Design B.4 Fuselage Design B.5 Tail Design B.6 Propulsion System Design B.7 Take-Off and Landing Analysis B.8 Enhanced Lift Design B.9 Refined Weight Analysis B.10 Static Stability Analysis B.11 Cost Analysis B.12 Summary APPENDIX C: CASE STUDY: KC-42 TANKER/TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT C.1 Take-Off Weight Estimate C.2 Wing Loading Selection C.3 Wing Design C.4 Fuselage Design C.5 Tail Design C.6 Engine Selection C.7 Take-Off and Landing Analysis C.8 Enhanced Lift Design C.9 Refined Weight Estimate C.10 Static Stability and Control C.11 Cost Estimate C.12 Design Summary Bibliography Index
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