Green-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Applications

Description

This book presents a review of preparation methods for environmentally friendly nanocomposite materials. It describes the combination of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer matrices with nanoparticles, leading to finished products preferably prepared by sustainable methods. The chapters also describe how the addition of synthetic or non-biodegradable particles can influence the properties of the final products. This book presents a general overview of the process from the preparation to the final applications of green nanocomposites. In addition, the book also details the trends, challenges, and prospects of this type of composites. The content can be divided into two sections. The first one presents a brief introduction about the importance of keeping the environment free of non-degradable pollutants. It also describes fundamentals, trends, and general applications of green materials. The second section focuses on the description of some of the green-based materials most used nowadays and other innovative materials, just like elastomers of natural origin. The book comprises the reintegration of these materials into the environment, followed by some biomedical, biological, and energy storage applications. Preface Contents Introduction to Green Based Nanocomposites: From Polymer Discovery to Eco-friendly Materials 1 History 2 Composites and Nanocomposites 3 The Environmental Issue and Laws 4 Development of Eco-friendly Polymers, Nanocomposites and Applications 5 Conclusions References Nanofillers and Nanomaterials for Green Based Nanocomposites 1 Introduction 2 Carbonaceous Nanofillers 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 2.2 Graphene and Derivatives 2.3 Fullerenes 3 Inorganic Nanoclays 4 Metal Nanoparticles 4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 5 Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles 5.1 Cellulose Nanoparticles 5.2 Chitosan Nanoparticles 6 Conclusions References Sustainable Fillers for Elastomeric Compounds 1 Introduction 2 Biodegradable Fillers from Vegetal Sources 2.1 Cellulose 2.2 Lignin 2.3 Starch 2.4 Alginate 3 Rubber Biocomposites 3.1 Rubber Matrices 3.2 Reinforcement Effect of Sustainable Fillers in Rubber Compounds 4 Applications 5 Outlook and Perspectives References Overview of Natural Nanocomposites and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Natural Nanocomposites 3 Obtention of Natural Nanocomposites 4 Properties of Natural Nanocomposites 5 Applications of Natural Nanocomposites 6 Conclusions References High Performance Thermoplastic Starch/Vermiculite Bionanocomposites 1 Introduction 2 Preparation and Characterization of TPS/VMC Bionanocomposites 2.1 Abbreviations 2.2 Materials 2.3 Methods 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Modification of VMC 3.2 TPS and TPS/VMC Bionanocomposites 4 Conclusions References Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposites: From the Synthesis to the Application 1 Introduction 1.1 Generalities of Chitin 1.2 Generalities of Chitosan 2 Synthesis and Applications 2.1 Chitin Nanocomposites 2.2 Chitosan Nanocomposites 3 Conclusions References Composites Based on Chitosan and Inorganic Materials for Biomedical Applications 1 Introduction 2 Chitosan 3 Biocomposites 4 Drug Release System 5 Tissue Engineering 6 Dressings—Wound Treatment 7 Other Applications 8 Conclusion References Biodegradable Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 1 Introduction 2 Natural Gums with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 3 Grafted Starch with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 4 Grafted Cellulose with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 5 Grafted Chitosan with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 6 Polylactic Acid Grafted with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 7 Alginates Grafted with Acrylic Polymers and Nanocomposites 8 Other Reports of Acrylic Nanocomposites and Their Applications 9 Conclusions References Nanocomposites Comprise of Collagen and Acrylate-Derived Polymers for Biomedical Applications 1 Introduction 2 Collagen/Acrylate-Derived Nanocomposites 2.1 Polyacrylamide (PAM) 2.2 Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) 2.3 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) 2.4 Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate (PHEMA) 2.5 Polybutyl Acrylate (PBA) 2.6 Poly2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate (P2EHA) 3 Conclusions References PVA Blends and Nanocomposites, Properties and Applications: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Structure of the PVA 3 Synthesis and Obtaining of the PVA 4 Properties of PVA 5 PVA Blends 6 Properties of PVA Blends 7 PVA-Based Nanocomposites 8 Properties of PVA-Based Nanocomposites 9 Applications 10 Conclusions References Diversifying Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis, Properties, Processing and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 2.1 Natural and Synthetic Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 2.2 Chemical Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 3 Physical, Chemical and Physicochemical Properties and Characterization 3.1 Physical Properties 3.2 Chemical Properties 3.3 Properties for Single-Use Products of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 4 Processing, Blends and Composites of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 4.1 Nanocomposites and Fillers 5 Biotechnological Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 5.1 Drug Delivery Carriers 5.2 Scaffolds and Medical Devices 6 Degradation and Biodegradability of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 7 Conclusions References Polyhydroxybutyrate-Base Nanocomposites and Blends. Applications 1 Introduction 2 PHB Nanocomposites 2.1 Nanoparticles 2.2 Nanohydroxyapatite and Nanocrystals 2.3 Graphene Nanocomposites 2.4 Reinforced PHB Blends 3 Theories of Crystallization Analysis 3.1 Partial Conclusions 4 General Conclusions References Poly(Butylene Succinate). Functional Nanocomposite Materials and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Poly(Butylene Succinate): Synthesis and Properties 2.1 Synthesis of Bio-Based Succinic Acid 2.2 Synthesis of PBS 2.3 Properties of PBS 2.4 Biodegradation Features in PBS 3 Polymer Nanocomposites 3.1 Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites (BPNCs) 3.2 Poly (Butylene Succinate) Nanocomposites 3.3 Preparation of PBS Nanocomposites 4 PBS Applications 4.1 Agriculture and Environmental 4.2 Biomedical 4.3 Electronics 5 Conclusions References Sustainable Approach of the Natural Rubber 1 Introduction 2 Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber 3 Natural Rubber Latex 4 Natural Rubber 4.1 Processing, Crosslinking, and Reinforcing of Natural Rubber 5 Biodegradation of Natural Rubber 5.1 Bacterial Degradation of NR 5.2 Fungal Degradation of NR 6 Outlook and Perspectives References Gum Based Green Nanocomposites and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2 Gums: Types, Structure and Properties 3 Gum Based Green Nanocomposites 3.1 Gum/silver Nanocomposites 3.2 Gum/TiO2 Nanocomposites 3.3 Gum/ZnO Nanocomposites 3.4 Carbon Based Gum Nanocomposites 4 Applications for Gum Based Nanocomposites 4.1 Biomedical 4.2 Water Treatment 4.3 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 4.4 Packing 5 Conclusions and Future Outlooks References Nanocomposites Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Biomedical Applications 1 Introduction 1.1 Problematic 1.2 Alternatives 2 Biodegradable Nanocomposites 2.1 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers 2.2 Biopolymers 2.3 Methods for Obtaining Nanocomposites 3 Mechanisms of Degradation 3.1 Biodegradation 3.2 In Vivo Biodegradation 3.3 In Vitro Biodegradation 4 Biological Aspects 4.1 Effects on Morphology 4.2 Effects on Cell Adhesion 4.3 Effects on Cell Viability and Proliferation 4.4 Effects on Cell Differentiation 5 Conclusion References Review and Analysis of Biological Tests on Nanomaterials to be Applied in Biological Areas 1 Introduction 2 Hemolysis 3 Sensitization 3.1 Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) 3.2 Closed Patch or Buehler’s Model 3.3 Mouse Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) 4 Implantation 5 Toxicity 5.1 Systemic Toxicity 5.2 Acute Toxicity 5.3 Subacute Toxicity 5.4 Subchronic Toxicity 5.5 Chronic Toxicity 6 Immunocitotoxicity 6.1 Cell Proliferation Assay (MTT) 6.2 Neutral Red Uptake Test 6.3 Kenacid Blue Binding Assay 7 Genotoxicity 7.1 Bacterial Reverse Mutation (AMES) 7.2 Mammalian Genetic Mutation (HPRT) 7.3 In-Vitro Chromosome Aberration or CAT 7.4 In-Vitro Test of Micro-nuclei of Mammalian Cells (MNT) 8 Carcinogenicity 8.1 Traditional Bioassay in Rodents 8.2 RasH 2 Transgenic Mouse Model 9 Conclusion References Harnessing the Potential of Fibrous Polyester Composites Meant for Bioactive Medical Devices 1 Fibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications 1.1 Polymer Matrices 1.2 Production Techniques for Fibrous Scaffolds 2 Composite Fibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications 2.1 Tailoring the Antimicrobial Properties of Fibrous Polyester Composites 2.2 Tailoring the Bioactive Properties of Fibrous Polyester Composites 3 Conclusion References Nanotechnology Applied to the Management of Fungal Diseases in Tropical Crops 1 Introduction 2 Main Fungal Diseases of Tropical Crops 3 Traditional Mechanisms to Control Fungal Diseases of Tropical Crops 4 Nanobiocontrollers 4.1 Nano-Biocontrollers Most Used in Fungal Diseases 4.2 Synthesis of Nano-Biocontrollers 4.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Nano-Biocontrollers 4.4 In Vitro Applications of Nano-Biocontrollers 4.5 In Vivo Applications of Nano-Biocontrollers 4.6 Impact of Bio-nano Controllers on Soil and Water 5 Future Trends References The Role of Polymer-Based Materials in Sustainable, Safe, and Efficient Metal Batteries 1 The Green Revolution in Energy Storage 2 Polymers in Batteries 2.1 Polymers as Electrolytes 2.2 Polymers in Electrodes and Binders 3 Battery Component Preparation: Learning Lessons from Polymer Processing 3.1 Electrode Processing 3.2 Polymer Electrolyte Processing 4 Heading to a Greener Future 4.1 Role of Polymer-Based Materials in the Recycling of Batteries 4.2 Heading to More Sustainable Batteries: The Future 5 Conclusions References