The Vascular Surgery In-Training Examination Review (VSITE)

Description

The field of vascular surgery has been progressing and developing. The training for vascular surgery has progressed to now encompassing 0+5 residency along with 5+2 fellowship, which will then produce more vascular surgeons, as the need for them continues to be in demand. In the process of progressing through two years or five years of training a comprehensive review book is essential for trainees in preparation for boards as well as everyday practice.  This textbook will serve as an extremely useful resource primarily for residents and fellows but also for anyone involved with managing vascular surgery disease. It will be a useful tool in preparation for any vascular examination including the VSITE and vascular boards. It will provide a concise and comprehensive summary of vascular surgery disease and serve as an initial platform for further expanding their knowledge of vascular disease processes. All chapters are written by experts in the field and will include the most up to date scientific and clinical information. Preface Contents Contributors 1: Embryology of the Vascular System Embryology of the Vascular System References 2: Hematology and Coagulation Hematology and Coagulation References 3: Fluids, Electrolytes, and Nutrition Fluids Electrolytes and Acid Balance (Table 3.3) Nutrition References 4: Medications in Vascular Surgery Medications in Vascular Surgery References 5: Hemodynamics, Atherosclerosis, Intimal Hyperplasia, and Wound Healing Hemodynamics Intimal Hyperplasia [4] Atherosclerosis [6] Wound Healing References 6: Imaging/Vascular Laboratory General Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance (MR) Angiography Cerebrovascular Duplex Ultrasound CT Angiography MR Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Intracranial TCD Abdomen Duplex Ultrasound Peripheral Arterial Peripheral Venous References 7: Vascular Medicine Atherosclerosis Smoking Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes Preoperative Assessment Intraoperative Management Postoperative Care and Management of Complications References 8: Cerebrovascular Disease Diagnosis and Management (Including Surgical and Endovascular) of Carotid Artery Occlusive Disease Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Disease: Asymptomatic Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Disease: Symptomatic Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) Carotid Artery Radiation Injury Uncommon Carotid Condition: Carotid Body Tumor Uncommon Carotid Condition: Aneurysm Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection: Traumatic Vs Spontaneous Diagnosis and Management Including Surgical and Endovascular of Brachiocephalic and Vertebrobasilar Arterial Disease Brachiocephalic Artery Disease Brachiocephalic Occlusive Disease Vertebral Artery Disease Subclavian Steal Syndrome References 9: Upper Extremity, Medical Surgical, and Endovascular Management Upper Extremity Ischemia: Acute-Embolization, Iatrogenic and Chronic Acute-Embolization Iatrogenic Injury Chronic Ischemia Occupational Vascular Disease Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome Axillosubclavian and Brachial Artery Aneurysmal Disease Axillosubclavian Artery Aneurysms Brachial Artery Aneurysms Small Vessel Arteriopathies Scleroderma Rheumatoid Arthritis Sjogren’s Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease) Vasospastic and Vasoocclusive Disease Raynaud’s Phenomenon References 10: Thoracic Outlet Syndromes Statistics [1] Relevant Anatomy [1] (Fig. 10.1) Neurogenic TOS (nTOS) [1, 2] Venous TOS (vTOS) [1, 2] Arterial TOS (aTOS) [1, 2] References 11: Aortoiliac Artery Aneurysms and Peripheral Artery Aneurysms Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Artery Aneurysms References 12: Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease References 13: Mesenteric Arterial Disease Anatomy, Normal Arterial and Venous Anatomy: Collateral Circulation Celiac Artery SMA IMA Diagnosis and Management of Mesenteric Disease Clinical Presentation/History Imaging Management Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (AMI) Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Key Steps SMA Dissection Management Endovascular Splanchnic Artery Aneurysm Incidence/Etiology Surgical Treatment Open Repair Endovascular Therapy Gastric Artery and Gastroepiploic Artery Aneurysms Surgical Treatment References 14: Renal Artery Anatomy of Renal Vasculature Diagnosis and Management of Renal Disease Renal Artery Aneurysm Diagnosis Management Renovascular Hypertension Renal Artery Stenosis [3] (See Fig. 14.2a and b) Ischemic Nephropathy Diagnosis Renal Fibromuscular Dysplasia Diagnosis Management Diagnostic Studies to Detect Functionally Significant Stenosis Endovascular Renal Aneurysm Repair Renal Artery Aneurysm Repair [8] Key Steps Renal Artery Bypass: Aortorenal, Splenorenal, Hepatorenal [9] Key Steps References 15: Thoracic Aortic Disease References 16: Venous Disease Anatomy (Fig. 16.1) Lower Extremity Superficial system Deep system Perforator system Upper Extremity Diagnosis and Management of Venous Disease Clinical Tests of Function Invasive Tests Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) Superficial Thrombophlebitis (ST) Deep Venous Thromboembolic (DVT) Disease Post-thrombotic Syndrome (PTS) Vena Cava Interruption Surgical and Interventional Treatment with Venous Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy Options for Thrombectomy Iliocaval Venous Obstruction (ICVO) May-Thurner Syndrome (Also Referred to as Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome) Nutcracker Syndrome (Also Referred to as Left Renal Vein (LRV) Entrapment) Venous Aneurysms Lower Extremity Venous Aneurysm Abdominal Venous Aneurysms Internal Jugular and Upper Extremity Venous Aneurysms Venous Reconstruction in Nonvascular Surgical Oncologic Procedures IVC Reconstruction References 17: Vascular Access Preoperative Evaluation Selection of Access Location Forearm Upper Arm Chest Complex Access Selection of Type of Access Autogenous Vs. Prosthetic Mechanisms of Access Failure Interventions for Failing and Thrombosed Access Non-thrombotic Complications References 18: Non-Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Non-atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Large Vessel Disease Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) Takayasu Arteritis (“Pulseless Disease”) Medium Vessel Disease Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Buerger’s Disease Kawasaki Disease Small Vessel Disease Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome) Wegener’s Disease (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis) Radiation Induced Arterial Disease Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome (PAES) Adventitial Cystic Disease (ACD) Exercise-Related External Iliac Endofibrosis Behcet Syndrome Congenital Connective Tissue Syndromes References 19: Vascular Trauma Initial Evaluation Aortic Occlusion Supraceliac Aortic Control Aortic Injury Abdominal Aortic Injury (Fig. 19.3) Iliac Artery Injury Visceral Arterial Trauma Celiac Artery Superior Mesenteric Artery Inferior Mesenteric Artery Anatomic Zones (Fig. 19.4) Axillary Artery Lower Extremity Shank Vessels Venous Trauma Infrarenal IVC Suprarenal IVC Retro/Suprahepatic Caval Portal Venous Injuries: Rare Mesenteric Venous Injuries: Rare Iliac Venous Injury Extremity Vein Injury References 20: Techniques of Vascular Access and Endovascular Surgery Vascular Access [1, 2] Arterial vs. Venous Access Identifying Point of Access Seldinger Technique: Universal Means for Percutaneous Access When Choosing a Site for Percutaneous Access, Must Consider Potential Points of Access [1] Axillary Artery Brachial Artery Radial Artery Common Femoral Vein Cephalic/Basilic Vein Internal Jugular Vein Access Technique [1] Access Needles Micropuncture Needle Technique Techniques for Catheterization [1, 2] Achieving Hemostasis Complications References 21: Vascular Grafts Autogenous Vein Graft Arterial Autografts Biologic Grafts Synthetic Grafts Bioengineered Grafts Nonaortic Stent Grafts Aortic Stent Grafts References 22: Lymphatic Disease Pathophysiology Complications Classification and Staging Based on Clinical Severity Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Surgical/Operative Treatment References 23: Vascular Malformations Definition and Classification Benign Vascular Tumors Low Flow Vascular Malformations High Flow Vascular Malformations Vascular Malformation Syndromes References 24: Complications of Vascular Surgery Diagnosis and Management of Complications of Vascular Therapy References 25: Amputations Amputations Types of Amputation References 26: Portal Hypertension Relevant Anatomy Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Child-Pugh Score References Further Reading 27: Miscellaneous Spine Exposures Thoracic Spine Exposure Lumbar Spine Exposure Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Radiation and Radiation Safety Frostbite Pediatric Vascular Surgical Problems Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Pediatric Population Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury Pediatric Non-aortic Arterial Aneurysms Are Rare, and Treatment Is Ill-Defined [31] Pediatric Renal Arterial Occlusive Disease Acute Arterial Occlusion: Medical Emergency Requiring Immediate Treatment Pediatric Chronic Arterial Occlusion Pediatric Vascular Access for Hemodialysis Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction References 28: Biostatistics Biostatistics and Epidemiology Basic Statistical Concepts Inferential Statistics Descriptive Statistics Probability Estimating Population Parameters Hypothesis Testing Evaluating the Relationship Between Variables Epidemiology References Index