Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis, and Operation

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Author Biographies List of Abbreviations and Conversion of Units Glossary Part A: Wind Power Systems Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Industry Overview 1.2 History of Renewable Energy Development 1.3 Utility Perspective 1.3.1 Modularity for Growth Further Reading Chapter 2: Wind Power 2.1 Wind Power in the World 2.2 U.S. Wind Power Development References Chapter 3: Wind Speed and Energy 3.1 Speed and Power Relations 3.2 Power Extracted From the Wind 3.3 Rotor-Swept Area 3.4 Air Density 3.5 Wind Speed Distribution 3.5.1 Weibull Probability Distribution 3.5.2 Mode and Mean Speeds 3.5.3 Root Mean Cube Speed 3.5.4 Mode, Mean, and RMC Speeds 3.5.5 Energy Distribution 3.5.6 Digital Data Processing 3.5.7 Effect of Hub Height 3.5.8 Importance of Reliable Data 3.6 Wind Speed Prediction References Chapter 4: Wind Power Systems 4.1 System Components 4.1.1 Tower 4.1.2 Turbine 4.1.3 Blades 4.1.4 Speed Control 4.2 Turbine Rating 4.3 Power vs. Speed and TSR 4.4 Maximum Energy Capture 4.5 Maximum Power Operation 4.5.1 Constant-TSR Scheme 4.5.2 Peak-Power-Tracking Scheme 4.6 System-Design Trade-Offs 4.6.1 Turbine Towers and Spacing 4.6.2 Number of Blades 4.6.3 Rotor Upwind or Downwind 4.6.4 Horizontal vs. Vertical Axis 4.7 System Control Requirements 4.7.1 Speed Control 4.7.2 Rate Control 4.8 Environmental Aspects 4.8.1 Audible Noise 4.8.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 4.8.3 Effects on Birds 4.8.4 Other Impacts 4.9 Potential Catastrophes 4.9.1 Fire 4.9.2 Earthquake 4.10 System-Design Trends References Chapter 5: Electrical Generators 5.1 Turbine Conversion Systems 5.2 Synchronous Generator 5.2.1 Equivalent Circuit 5.2.2 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines 5.3 Induction Generator 5.3.1 Construction 5.3.2 Working Principle 5.3.3 Rotor Speed and Slip 5.3.4 Equivalent Circuit 5.3.5 Efficiency and Cooling 5.3.6 Self-Excitation Capacitors 5.3.7 Torque-Slip Characteristic 5.3.8 Transients 5.4 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 5.5 Direct-Driven Generator 5.6 Unconventional Generators 5.7 Multiphase Generators References Chapter 6: Generator Drives 6.1 Speed Control Regions 6.2 Generator Drives 6.2.1 One Fixed-Speed Drive 6.2.2 Two Fixed-Speed Drive 6.2.3 Variable-Speed Gear Drive 6.3 Drive Selection 6.4 Cutout Speed Selection References Chapter 7: Offshore Wind Farms 7.1 Environmental Impact 7.2 Ocean Water Composition 7.3 Wave Energy and Power 7.4 Ocean Structure Design 7.4.1 Forces On Ocean Structures 7.5 Corrosion 7.6 Foundation 7.6.1 Monopile 7.6.2 Gravitation 7.6.3 Tripod 7.7 Materials 7.8 Maintenance References Chapter 8: AC Wind Systems 8.1 Overview 8.2 Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Components 8.3 System Analyses 8.4 Challenges References Chapter 9: DC Wind Systems 9.1 Making a Case for All-DC Wind System 9.2 Overview 9.3 All-DC System Components 9.3.1 DC-DC Converters 9.3.2 Generator System 9.3.3 Multileg Rectifier 9.4 System Analyses 9.5 Variable Voltage DC Collector Grid References Part B: Photovoltaic Power Systems Chapter 10: Photovoltaic Power 10.1 Building-Integrated PV System 10.2 PV Cell Technologies 10.2.1 Single-Crystalline Silicon 10.2.2 Polycrystalline and Semicrystalline Silicon 10.2.3 Thin-Film Cell 10.2.4 Amorphous Silicon 10.2.5 Spheral Cell 10.2.6 Concentrator Cell 10.2.7 Multijunction Cell 10.2.8 Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction (IMM) Cell References Chapter 11: Photovoltaic Power Systems 11.1 PV Cell 11.2 Module and Array 11.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit 11.4 Open-Circuit Voltage and Short-Circuit Current 11.5 I-V and P-V Curves 11.6 Array Design 11.6.1 Sun Intensity 11.6.2 Sun Angle 11.6.3 Shadow Effect 11.6.4 Temperature Effects 11.6.5 Effect of Climate 11.6.6 Electrical Load Matching 11.6.7 Sun Tracking 11.7 Peak-Power Operation 11.8 System Components of Stand-Alone System References Chapter 12: Solar Power Conversion Systems 12.1 Overview 12.2 Solar Powetr Electronics Systems 12.2.1 Solar Conversion Architecture 12.2.2 An Off-Grid Solution 12.2.3 System Characteristics 12.3 Challenges 12.4 Trend And Future References Part C: System Integration Chapter 13: Energy Storage 13.1 Battery 13.2 Types of Battery 13.2.1 Lead-Acid 13.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium 13.2.3 Nickel-Metal Hydride 13.2.4 Lithium-Ion 13.2.5 Lithium-Polymer 13.2.6 Zinc-Air 13.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit 13.4 Performance Characteristics 13.4.1 C/D Voltages 13.4.2 C/D Ratio 13.4.3 Energy Efficiency 13.4.4 Internal Resistance 13.4.5 Charge Efficiency 13.4.6 Self-Discharge And Trickle-Charge 13.4.7 Memory Effect 13.4.8 Effects of Temperature 13.4.9 Internal Loss and Temperature Rise 13.4.10 Random Failure 13.4.11 Wear-Out Failure 13.4.12 Battery Types Compared 13.5 More on Lead-Acid Battery 13.6 Battery Design 13.7 Battery Charging 13.8 Charge Regulators 13.8.1 Multiple Charge Rates 13.8.2 Single-Charge Rate 13.8.3 Unregulated Charging 13.9 Battery Management 13.9.1 Monitoring and Controls 13.9.2 Safety Considerations 13.10 Flywheel 13.10.1 Energy Relations 13.10.2 Flywheel System Components 13.10.3 Benefits of Flywheel Over Battery 13.11 Superconducting Magnet 13.12 Compressed Air 13.13 Technologies Compared 13.14 More On Lithium-Ion Battery References Chapter 14: Power Electronics 14.1 Basic Switching Devices 14.2 AC–DC Rectifier 14.3 DC–AC Inverter 14.4 IGBT/MOSFET-Based Converters 14.5 Control Schemes 14.5.1 SPWM 14.5.2 Square Wave 14.6 Multilevel Converters 14.7 HVDC Converters 14.8 Matrix Converters 14.9 Cycloconverter 14.10 Grid Interface Controls 14.10.1 Voltage Control 14.10.2 Frequency Control 14.11 Battery Charge/Discharge Converters 14.11.1 Battery Charge Converter 14.11.2 Battery Discharge Converter 14.12 Power Shunts References Chapter 15: Stand-Alone Systems 15.1 PV Stand-Alone 15.2 Electric Vehicle 15.3 Wind Stand-Alone 15.4 Hybrid Systems 15.4.1 Hybrid with Diesel 15.4.2 Hybrid with Fuel Cell 15.4.3 Mode Controller 15.4.4 Load Sharing 15.5 System Sizing 15.5.1 Power and Energy Estimates 15.5.2 Battery Sizing 15.5.3 PV Array Sizing 15.6 Wind Farm Sizing References Chapter 16: Grid-Connected Systems 16.1 Interface Requirements 16.2 Synchronizing with the Grid 16.2.1 Inrush Current 16.2.2 Synchronous Operation 16.2.3 Load Transient 16.2.4 Safety 16.3 Operating Limit 16.3.1 Voltage Regulation 16.3.2 Stability Limit 16.4 Energy Storage and Load Scheduling 16.5 Utility Resource Planning Tools 16.6 Wind Farm–Grid Integration 16.7 Grid Stability Issues 16.7.1 Low-Voltage Ride-Through 16.7.2 Energy Storage for Stability 16.8 Distributed Power Generation References Chapter 17: Electrical Performance 17.1 Voltage Current and Power Relations 17.2 Component Design for Maximum Efficiency 17.3 Electrical System Model 17.4 Static Bus Impedance and Voltage Regulation 17.5 Dynamic Bus Impedance and Ripples 17.6 Harmonics 17.7 Quality of Power 17.7.1 Harmonic Distortion Factor 17.7.2 Voltage Transients and Sags 17.7.3 Voltage Flickers 17.7.4 Harmonics Elimination with Passive Filters 17.7.5 Harmonics Elimination with Active Filters 17.8 Renewable Capacity Limit 17.8.1 System Stiffness 17.8.2 Interfacing Standards 17.9 Lightning Protection References Chapter 18: Plant Economy 18.1 Energy Delivery Factor 18.2 Initial Capital Cost 18.3 Availability and Maintenance 18.4 Energy Cost Estimates 18.5 Sensitivity Analysis 18.5.1 Effect of Wind Speed 18.5.2 Effect of Tower Height 18.6 Profitability Index 18.7 Project Finance References Chapter 19: The Future 19.1 World Electricity to 2050 19.2 Future of Wind Power 19.3 PV Future 19.4 Declining Production Cost 19.5 Market Penetration References Part D: Ancillary Power Technologies Chapter 20: Solar Thermal System 20.1 Energy Collection 20.1.1 Parabolic Trough 20.1.2 Central Receiver 20.1.3 Parabolic Dish 20.2 Solar-II Power Plant 20.3 Synchronous Generator 20.3.1 Equivalent Electrical Circuit 20.3.2 Excitation Methods 20.3.3 Electric Power Output 20.3.4 Transient Stability Limit 20.4 Commercial Power Plants 20.5 Recent Trends References Chapter 21: Ancillary Power Systems 21.1 Heat-Induced Wind Power 21.2 Marine Current Power 21.3 Ocean Wave Power 21.4 Jet-Assisted Wind Turbine 21.5 Bladeless Wind Turbines 21.6 Solar Thermal Microturbine 21.7 Thermophotovoltaic System References Index