Electrical Equipment: A Field Guide

Description

This valuable new volume is a must-have for any engineer.   Covering almost all electrical equipment, such as generators, motors, transformers, cables, batteries, meters, relays, fuses, lamps, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, and so much more, it covers not only the basic theory, but also mathematical equations, selection guidelines, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance, and many other practical applications. Equally as importantly, also covered here are all the applicable international standards, such as IEC and IEEE. This book is written in a simple language for easy understanding by field engineers. The rating plate of all the equipment is described in detail. The relevant details of the equipment have been taken from the reputed manufacturers brochures sand their operation manuals. This book serves as a guide for researchers to know the gaps in existing technologies and gives direction for future research. Academics can refer to this book to understand the field requirements and to prepare their curriculum accordingly. This groundbreaking new volume presents these topics and trends, bridging the research gap, and senable wide-scale implementation of efficient and effective operations. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library.  Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electrical Power Supply 1.3 Classification of Voltages or Voltage Bands 1.4 Standards Agencies 1.5 Electrical Standards 1.6 Abbreviations 1.7 Constants 1.8 Types of Maintenance 1.9 Useful Life of Equipment 2 Transformers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of Transformers 2.3 Transformer on No Load 2.4 Transformer on Load 2.5 Total Equivalent Circuit of Transformer (Referred to Primary Side) 2.6 Losses in a Transformer 2.7 Efficiency of Transformer 2.8 Parallel Operation of Transformers 2.9 Rating Plate of Transformer 2.10 Information to Be Given to Purchase a Transformer 2.11 Tests on Transformer 2.12 Maintenance of Transformers 2.13 Troubleshooting Chart for Transformers 2.14 Latest Trends Opportunities in Transformer Technology 3 Generators 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Alternator 3.3 Field Poles 3.4 Construction of Field Poles 3.5 EMF Equation of Alternator 3.6 Capability Curve 3.7 Design of Alternator 3.8 Rating Plates 3.9 Voltage Regulation of Synchronous Generator 3.10 Excitation 3.11 Connections 3.12 Neutral Grounding 3.13 Cooling 3.14 Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR) 3.15 Pitch Factor (Kp) or Chording Factor (Kc) 3.16 Distribution Factor (Kd) 3.17 Leakage Reactance (X ) 3.18 Armature Reaction 3.19 Operation of Generator When Connected to an Infinite Bus 3.20 Load Sharing of Grid-Connected Alternator 3.21 Typical Values of Various Reactances and Time-Constants 3.22 Load Characteristics of Alternators 3.23 Salient Pole Machine with Two Reaction Theory 3.24 Hunting 3.25 Stability and Swing Equation 3.26 Prime-Mover Rating Plates 3.27 Effect of Unbalanced Loads and External Faults 3.28 Voltage Regulators 3.29 Parallel Operation of Alternators Under Different Conditions 3.30 Induction Generator 3.31 Doubly Fed Induction Generator 3.32 Latest Trends in TG Technology 3.33 Maintenance 3.34 Fault Finding 3.35 Generator Failure Modes 3.36 Tests on a Turbo-Generator 3.37 Tests on Engine-Driven Generator 3.38 Gaps and Research Opportunities 4 Induction Motors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Comparison Between Various Types of Motors 4.3 Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor 4.4 Construction of SCIM 4.5 Equivalent Circuit of SCIM 4.6 Torque-Speed Curve of SCIM 4.7 T-S Curve for SRIM 4.8 Torque-Speed Curve of Single-Phase Motor (Split Phase) 4.9 Name Plate or Rating Plate of SCIM 4.10 Power Stages of Induction Motor 4.11 Abnormal Conditions 4.12 Starting of Induction Motors 4.13 Speed Control of Induction Motors 4.14 Deep Cage Induction Motor 4.15 Double Cage SCIM 4.16 Selection of Motor Power for an Application 4.17 Design of Induction Motors 4.18 Characteristics of Loads 4.19 Circle Diagram 4.20 Alignment of Motor with Driven Equipment 4.21 Shaft and Bearing Currents in Large Motors 4.22 Special Motors for Hazardous/Explosive Areas 4.23 Identification of 3-Phase Winding Leads 4.24 Tests on Induction Motor 4.25 Maintenance 4.26 Trouble-Shooting 4.27 Heating and Cooling Curves of Induction Motor 4.28 Smart Motors 4.29 Single-Phase Induction Motors 4.30 Information to Be Given to Purchase a 3-Phase Induction Motor 4.31 Protection Against Faults 4.32 Motors for Electrical Vehicles 4.33 Future Scope 5 Circuit Breakers and Contactors 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Arcing Phenomenon 5.3 Types of Circuit Breakers 5.4 AC and DC CBs 5.5 DCCB 5.6 CB Contacts 5.7 Selection of CB 5.8 Operation of CBs 5.9 Name Plate of CBs 5.10 Tests on CB 5.11 Information to Be Given to Purchase a CB 5.12 Maintenance of CB 5.13 Contactors 5.14 MCB, MCCB and RCCB 6 Protection and Measurement Systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Desirable Characteristics of Protective Device 6.3 Current Transformer 6.4 Voltage Transformer 6.5 Measuring Instruments 6.6 Multi-Function Meter 6.7 Desirable Characteristics of Meters 6.8 Meter Symbols and Codes 6.9 AVO or Multimeter 6.10 Meter Calibration Reports 7 Earthing and Lightning 7.1 Earthing 7.2 Earthing, Grounding and Bonding 7.3 System Neutral Grounding 7.4 LV Neutral Earthing 7.5 Types of Earth Electrodes 7.6 Measurement of Earth Resistance 7.7 General Guidelines on Earthing 7.8 Lightning Arrester 7.9 Protection Against Lightning 7.10 Definitions 7.11 Name Plate of LA 7.12 Protective Devices Against Lightning Surges 7.13 Surge Protective Device (SPD) 7.14 Lightning Conductor Size 7.15 Inspection and Maintenance of Lightning Protection System 7.16 Testing of LA 8 Fuses 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Terms Used in the Fuse Field 8.3 Cut-Off Characteristic of Fuse 8.4 Fuse Law (Prece’s Law) 8.5 Types of Fuses 8.6 Application Categories and TCC of Fuses 8.7 Discrimination between an Over Current Relay and Fuse 8.8 Semi-Conductor Fuse 8.9 Examples of Selection of Fuse 8.10 Symbols of Fuse Letter Code 8.11 Desirable Characteristics of Fuse 8.12 Tests Recommended on Fuses 8.13 Market Models of Fuses 9 Protective Relays 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Terms Used in Relaying 9.3 Types of Protection 9.4 Types of Relays 9.5 Relay Block Diagrams of Three Generations 9.6 IDMT Relay Calculations 9.7 Inverse – Time Over-Current Relays 9.8 Comparison between Three Generation Relays 9.9 Thermal Overload Relays 9.10 Protections of Various Electrical Equipment 9.11 Relay Settings 9.12 Protection System Failure Modes 9.13 Maintenance of Relays 9.14 Field Testing 9.15 Relay Co-Ordination 9.16 Protective Device Numbers 9.17 Challenges and Opportunities 10 Cables and Overhead Conductors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conducting Materials 10.3 Cable Insulating Material 10.4 Construction of Cables 10.5 Overhead Conductor versus Cable 10.6 Comparison between PVC and XLPE Cables 10.7 De-Rating Factors 10.8 Special Cables 10.9 FRLS Cable Properties 10.10 Methods of Cable Laying 10.11 Identification Codes of Cables 10.12 Selection of Cable 10.13 Rule of Thumb for Industrial Work 10.14 Fault Location Methods 10.15 Maintenance on Cables 10.16 Cable Jointing 10.17 Tests on PVC Cables 10.18 Tests on XLPE Cables 10.19 Overhead Lines 10.20 FACTS 11 Solar Photovoltaics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solar Energy 11.3 Forms of Energy Resources 11.4 Solar Spectrum 11.5 Solar Energy Fundamentals 11.6 I-V and P-V Curves 11.7 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants 11.8 Modelling of PV Modules 11.9 Performance Indicators 11.10 Maximum Power Point Tracking 11.11 Rating Plates of SPP 11.12 Opportunities and Future Scope 12 Storage Batteries 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis 12.3 Types of Batteries 12.4 Dry Cell 12.5 Technical Terms 12.6 Secondary Batteries 12.7 Lead – Acid Battery 12.8 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 12.9 Lithium Batteries 12.10 Latest Trends in Energy Storage Field 12.11 Maintenance 12.12 Some Other Notable Points on Battery 12.13 Batteries for Electric Vehicles 12.14 Smart Battery 12.15 Future Outlook 13 Computer Aided Studies in Power Systems (CASiPS) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 E-TAP 13.3 EDSA 13.4 PV Syst 13.5 Power Factory 13.6 Matlab-Simulink 14 Lighting 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Definitions 14.3 Type of Lighting Technologies 14.4 Estimation of Illumination 14.5 Recommended Illumination Levels 14.6 Lamps Rating Plate 14.7 Fluorescent Lamp Colour Temperatures 15 Electrical Safety 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Hazards and Effects of Electric Current 15.3 Electric Shock 15.4 Permit to Work System and Qualification and Training 15.5 Personnel Protective Equipment and Devices Index Also of Interest Check out these other titles from Scrivener Publishing EULA