Oxford handbook of clinical surgery.

Description

Cover Contents Contributors Symbols and abbreviations 1 Good surgical practice Duties of a doctor Communication skills Evidence-based surgery Critical appraisal Audit Consent Death End-of-life issues Clinical governance 2 Principles of surgery Terminology in surgery History taking and making notes Common surgical symptoms Examination and investigation of the patient: Evaluation of breast disease Evaluation of the neck Evaluation of the abdomen Abdominal investigations Evaluation of pelvic disease Evaluation of peripheral vascular disease Evaluation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue disease Surgery at the extremes of age Day case and minimally invasive surgery Preoperative care: Surgery in pregnancy Surgery and the contraceptive pill Surgery in endocrine disease Surgery and heart disease Surgery and respiratory disease Surgery in renal and hepatic disease Surgery in neurological disease Pre-optimization of the patient: Fluid optimization Nutrition in surgical patients Enhanced recovery after surgery Perioperative care: Getting the patient to theatre Prophylaxis—antibiotics and thromboprophylaxis In-theatre preparation Positioning the patient Sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis Scrubbing up Surgical instruments Incisions and closures Drains Stomas Knots and sutures Post-operative: Post-operative management Drain management Fluid management Acid–base balance Blood products and procoagulants Transfusion reactions Shock Post-operative haemorrhage Wound emergencies Cardiac complications Respiratory complications Renal complications Urinary complications Gastrointestinal complications Neurological complications Haematological complications Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Risk scoring Critical care Commonly used terms in ITU Invasive monitoring Ventilation and respiratory support Circulatory support Renal support Enteral support Sepsis, SIRS, MODS, and ALI 3 Surgical pathology Cellular injury Inflammation Wound healing Ulcers Cysts, sinuses, and fistulas Atherosclerosis Thromboembolic disease Gangrene and capillary ischaemia Tumours Carcinogenesis Screening Grading and staging Tumour markers Surgical microbiology Surgically important organisms Soft tissue infections Blood-borne viruses and surgery Bleeding and coagulation Anaemia and polycythaemia 4 Practical procedures Endotracheal intubation Cardioversion Defibrillation Venepuncture Intravenous cannulation Arterial puncture and lines Insertion of central venous catheter Chest drain insertion Management of chest drains Pericardiocentesis Cricothyroidotomy Nasogastric tube insertion Urethral catheterization Suprapubic catheterization Paracentesis abdominis Rigid sigmoidoscopy Local anaesthesia Intercostal nerve block 5 Head and neck surgery Thyroglossal cyst, sinus, and fistula Branchial cyst, sinus, and fistula Salivary calculi Acute parotitis Salivary gland tumours Head and neck cancer Facial trauma Neck space infections 6 Breast and endocrine surgery Breast cancer Surgical treatment of breast cancer Breast cancer screening Benign breast disease Acute breast pain Goitre Thyrotoxicosis Thyroid tumours—types and features Thyroid tumours—diagnosis and treatment Post-thyroid surgery emergencies Primary hyperparathyroidism Multiple endocrine neoplasia Cushing’s syndrome Conn’s syndrome Phaeochromocytoma 7 Upper gastrointestinal surgery Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Oesophageal motility disorders Pharyngeal pouch Hiatus hernia Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Oesophageal tumours Peptic ulcer disease Gastric tumours Chronic intestinal ischaemia Surgery for morbid obesity Small bowel tumours Acute haematemesis Acute upper GI perforation Acute appendicitis Acute peritonitis Acute abdominal pain Gynaecological causes of lower abdominal pain Intra-abdominal abscess 8 Liver, pancreatic, and biliary surgery Jaundice—causes and diagnosis Jaundice—management Gall bladder stones Common bile duct stones Chronic pancreatitis Portal hypertension Cirrhosis of the liver Pancreatic cancer Cancer of the liver, gall bladder, and biliary tree Acute variceal haemorrhage Acute pancreatitis 9 Abdominal wall Abdominal wall hernias Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia Umbilical and epigastric hernias Incisional hernias Other types of hernia Rectus sheath haematoma Groin disruption Acute groin swelling 10 Urology Symptoms and signs in urology Investigations of urinary tract disease Urinary tract stones Obstruction of the ureter Benign prostatic hyperplasia Stricture of the urethra Scrotal swellings Disorders of the foreskin Common conditions of the penis Erectile dysfunction Adenocarcinoma of the kidney Transitional cell tumours Adenocarcinoma of the prostate Carcinoma of the penis Testicular tumours Haematuria Acute urinary retention (AUR) Acute testicular pain 11 Colorectal surgery Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease Other forms of colitis Colorectal polyps Colorectal cancer Restorative pelvic surgery Minimally invasive colorectal surgery Diverticular disease of the colon Rectal prolapse Pilonidal sinus disease Fistula-in-ano Haemorrhoids Acute anorectal pain Acute rectal bleeding Acute severe colitis Post-operative anastomotic leakage 12 Paediatric surgery Principles of managing paediatric surgical cases Acute abdominal emergencies—overview Oesophageal atresia Pyloric stenosis Malrotation and volvulus Intussusception Hirschsprung’s disease Rare causes of intestinal obstruction Abdominal wall defects Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Inguinal hernia and scrotal swellings Other childhood hernias Prepuce (foreskin) and circumcision Undescended testis Solid tumours of childhood Neck swellings 13 Paediatric orthopaedic Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) The limping child The child with a fracture Non-accidental injury (NAI) Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease Motor development Club foot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) Flat feet (pes planus) The osteochondritides 14 Major trauma Management of major trauma Thoracic injuries Abdominal trauma Vascular injuries Head injuries 15 Orthopaedic surgery Examination of a joint Examination of the limbs and trunk Fracture healing Reduction and fixation of fractures The skeletal radiograph Injuries of the phalanges and metacarpals Wrist injuries Fractures of the distal radius and ulna Fractures of the radius and ulnar shaft Fractures and dislocations around the elbow in children Fractures of the humeral shaft and elbow in adults Dislocations and fracture dislocations of the elbow Fractures around the shoulder Dislocations of the shoulder region Fractures of the ribs and sternum Fractures of the pelvis Femoral neck fractures Femoral shaft fractures Fractures of the tibial shaft Fractures of the ankle Fractures of the tarsus and foot Injuries and the spinal radiograph Spinal injuries Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis Chronic osteomyelitis Septic arthritis Peripheral nerve injuries Brachial plexus injuries Osteoarthrosis (osteoarthritis) Carpal tunnel syndrome Ganglion Bone tumours Low back pain Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans) The great toe Arthroplasty Useful reading 16 Plastic surgery Suturing wounds Skin grafts Surgical flaps Management of scars Excision of simple cutaneous lesions Skin cancer Burns: assessment Burns: management Soft tissue hand injuries Hand infections Dupuytren’s disease Breast reduction Breast augmentation Breast reconstruction 17 Cardiothoracic surgery Basics Principles of cardiac surgery Coronary artery disease Valvular heart disease Cardiothoracic ICU Lung cancer Pleural effusion Pneumothorax Mediastinal disease 18 Peripheral vascular disease Acute limb ischaemia Chronic upper limb ischaemia Chronic lower limb ischaemia Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischaemia Aneurysms Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm Vascular developmental abnormalities Carotid disease The diabetic foot Amputations Vasospastic disorders Varicose veins Deep venous thrombosis Thrombolysis Complications in vascular surgery 19 Transplantation Basic transplant immunology Immunosuppression and rejection Transplant recipients Transplant donors Heart and lung transplantation Kidney transplantation Pancreas and islet transplantation Liver transplantation Small bowel transplantation 20 Surgery in tropical diseases Medicine in the tropics Typhoid Amoebiasis and amoebic liver abscess Anaemias in the tropics Malaria Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) Filariasis Hydatid disease Ascariasis Leishmaniasis Trypanosomiasis Tuberculosis in the tropics Leprosy (‘Hansen’s disease’) Guinea worm infestation Threadworms Mycetoma (madura foot) 21 Common operations Diagnostic laparoscopy Principles of laparotomy Cholecystectomy Appendicectomy Inguinal hernia repair Perforated peptic ulcer repair Haemorrhoid surgery Pilonidal sinus excision (Bascom II) Femoral embolectomy Right hemicolectomy Stoma formation Wide local excision—breast Below knee amputation 22 Eponymous terms and rarities Anatomy and physiology key revision points index Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z