Remote Sensing of Turbulence

Description

This book offers a unique multidisciplinary integration of the physics of turbulence and remote sensing technology. Remote Sensing of Turbulence provides a new vision on the research of turbulence and summarizes the current and future challenges of monitoring turbulence remotely. The book emphasizes sophisticated geophysical applications, detection, and recognition of complex turbulent flows in oceans and the atmosphere. Through several techniques based on microwave and optical/IR observations, the text explores the technological capabilities and tools for the detection of turbulence, their signatures, and variability. FEATURES Covers the fundamental aspects of turbulence problems with a broad geophysical scope for a wide audience of readers Provides a complete description of remote-sensing capabilities for observing turbulence in the earth’s environment Establishes the state-of-the-art remote-sensing techniques and methods of data analysis for turbulence detection Investigates and evaluates turbulence detection signatures, their properties, and variability Provides cutting-edge remote-sensing applications for space-based monitoring and forecasts of turbulence in oceans and the atmosphere This book is a great resource for applied physicists, the professional remote sensing community, ecologists, geophysicists, and earth scientists. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Author List of Acronyms Chapter 1: Turbulence: Introductory Overview 1.1 Historical Remark 1.1.1 The Reynolds Era 1.1.2 The Kolmogorov Era 1.1.3 The Computer Era 1.2 Turbulent Flow 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Definition and Properties 1.2.3 Equations of Fluid Dynamics 1.2.4 Instabilities 1.3 Dynamical Systems and Turbulence 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Chaos 1.3.3 Coherent Structures 1.3.4 (Multi)Fractal 1.3.5 Self-Organization 1.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) 1.4.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) Method 1.4.4 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) 1.4.5 Hybrid RANS/LES Method 1.4.6 Closing Remark 1.5 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Geophysical Turbulence 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Equations 2.3 Ocean (Marine) Turbulence 2.3.1 Ocean Vertical Structure 2.3.2 Surface Turbulence 2.3.3 Near-Surface Turbulence 2.3.4 Deep-Ocean Turbulence 2.3.5 Internal Waves and Turbulence 2.3.6 Double-Diffusion and Turbulence 2.3.7 Bottom Turbulence 2.4 Atmospheric Turbulence 2.4.1 Types and Classification of Atmospheric Turbulence 2.4.2 Large-Scale Turbulence 2.4.3 Small-Scale Turbulence 2.4.4 Wind Turbulence 2.4.5 Clear Air Turbulence 2.5 Turbulent Jets, Plumes, and Wakes 2.5.1 Jets and Plumes 2.5.2 Wakes 2.6 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Elements of Wave Propagation Theory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Maxwell’s Equations 3.3 Electromagnetic Waves 3.4 The Wave Equation 3.5 Wave Propagation Phenomena 3.6 Propagation through Turbulence 3.6.1 Optical Turbulence in the Atmosphere 3.6.2 Stochastic Helmholtz Equation 3.7 Approximate Solutions 3.7.1 Geometrical Optics 3.7.2 Born Approximation 3.7.3 Rytov Approximation 3.7.4 Parabolic Wave Equation 3.7.5 Extended Huygens–Fresnel Principle 3.8 Scintillation 3.8.1 The Rytov Approximation – Weak Turbulence 3.8.2 Strong Turbulence 3.8.3 Aperture Averaging Factor 3.9 Imaging through Turbulence 3.10 Propagation in Time-Varying Media 3.11 Conclusions 3.12 Notes on the Literature References Chapter 4: Remote Sensing Tool 4.1 Introduction 4.2 A Brief Modern History 4.3 Definitions, Principles, and Objectives 4.4 Quantities in Remote Sensing 4.5 Instrument Concept 4.6 Using Satellites 4.6.1 Satellite Classification 4.6.2 Observational Parameters 4.6.3 Orbital Parameters 4.6.4 Types of Orbits 4.7 Data Acquisition 4.8 Data Assessment 4.9 Data Management 4.10 Theoretical Models 4.10.1 Classification of Models 4.10.2 Fresnel Reflection Equations 4.10.3 Macroscopic Approach 4.10.4 Wave Approach: Scattering and Emission 4.10.5 Radiative Transfer Theory 4.10.6 A Simple Image Formation Model 4.11 Conclusions 4.12 Notes on the Literature References Chapter 5: Turbulence Observations 5.1 How and What to Observe? 5.2 State-of-the-Art Technology 5.3 Geophysical Assessment 5.4 Satellite Image Gallery 5.4.1 Hurricane Irma 5.4.2 Jet Streams 5.4.3 Mountain Turbulence and Lee Waves 5.4.4 Atmospheric Gravity Waves 5.4.5 Atmospheric von Kármán Vortex Streets 5.4.6 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) 5.4.7 Aircraft Contrails 5.4.8 Ocean Mesoscale Eddies, Swilling Flow, and Spirals 5.4.9 Ocean Whirlpool 5.4.10 Internal Wave-Induced Turbulence 5.4.11 Submarine Volcano Eruption 5.4.12 Plumes at Sea 5.5 Conclusions 5.6 Notes on the Literature References Appendix Lyapunov Exponent Index