Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials: Characterisation, Properties and Applications

Description

Nonconventional and Vernacular Construction Materials: Characterisation, Properties and Applications provides a comprehensive repository of information on materials science and the modern structural engineering application of ancient, vernacular, and nonconventional building materials, with leading experts contributing chapters that focus on current applications and the engineering of these construction materials. Opening with a historic retrospective of nonconventional materials, Part One includes a review of vernacular construction and a discussion of the future directions for nonconventional and vernacular materials research and applications. Chapters in Part Two focus on natural fibers, including their application in cementitious composites, non-cementitious composites, and strawbale construction. In Part Three, chapters cover the use of industrial by-products and natural ashes in cement mortar and concrete, and construction using soil-cement blocks, clay-based materials, adobe and earthen materials, and ancient stone masonry. Timber, bamboo, and paper construction materials are investigated in the final section of the book. Provides a state-of-the-art review of the modern use and engineering of nonconventional building materialsContains chapters that focus on individual construction materials and address both material characterization and structural applicationsCovers sustainable engineering and the trend towards engineering for humanity Cover Related titles Start-Up Creation: The Smart Eco-efficient Copyright Contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering Foreword 1 - Introduction to start-up creation for the smart ecoefficient built environment 1.1 Sustainability challenges and entrepreneurship for a better world 1.2 Start-ups: creation dynamics and failure stigma 1.3 The importance of start-ups for the smart ecoefficient built environment 1.4 Outline of the book References Part One: Business plans, startup financing, and intellectual property 2 - Business plan basics for engineers and new technology firms 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 What makes business planning for engineers so unique? 2.1.1.1 Uncertainties and risks typical of technological business environments 2.1.1.2 Three primary challenges: financing, sizing markets, and intellectual property management 2.1.1.2.1 The challenge of financing 2.1.1.2.2 The challenge of sizing markets 2.1.1.2.3 The challenge of intellectual property management 2.2 How to approach business planning for engineers? 2.3 Developing and articulating the business model 2.3.1 The three stages of the lean canvas approach 2.3.2 Lean canvas approach metaprinciples 2.3.3 Choosing between the canvas and the business model canvas 2.3.4 The challenges of articulating a unique customer value proposition 2.3.5 Value proposition research insights 2.4 Scaling up the business 2.4.1 Market scaling 2.4.2 Process and team scaling 2.4.3 The danger of getting things wrong 2.4.4 The importance of the difference between growth and scale-up 2.5 A business plan template 2.5.1 A minibusiness plan for investors 2.5.2 The key points in the business plan for the employees 2.6 Conclusion References 3 - Lean startup 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 How to be a successful start-up 3.1.2 What is lean in a lean start-up? 3.1.3 The link to the business model idea 3.2 The main elements of lean start-ups 3.2.1 Overview of key elements 3.2.2 Customer feedback 3.2.3 Big design or iterative design—pivot or persevere 3.2.4 Business planning or hypothesis testing 3.3 The fundamental concepts of lean start-ups 3.3.1 Minimum viable products—do we have a problem worth solving? 3.3.2 Pivoting—have we built something people want? 3.3.3 Agile development together with the customers 3.3.4 Searching for a business plan—do we have the right business model? 3.3.5 How to find or create the next customers—scaling 3.4 Some examples of lean processes 3.5 Conclusion and future trends 3.5.1 Lean and global 3.5.2 Further reading and links Web resources References 4 - Start-up financing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Debt financing 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Pros and cons 4.2.3 Issues 4.3 Equity financing 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Pros and cons 4.3.3 Key issues 4.4 Convertible debt financing 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Pros and cons 4.4.3 Key issues 4.5 Crowdfunding 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.1.1 Donations 4.5.1.2 Rewards 4.5.1.3 Prepurchase 4.5.1.4 Lending 4.5.1.5 Equity crowdfunding 4.5.1.6 Venture philanthropy 4.5.1.7 Initial coin offerings 4.5.2 Pros and cons 4.5.3 Key issues 4.6 Conclusions and future trends References Further reading 5 - Intellectual property 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Forms of intellectual property rights 5.2.1 Trademarks 5.2.2 Industrial designs 5.2.3 Patents and utility models 5.2.4 Copyrights 5.2.5 Trade secrets 5.3 Historical development of the intellectual property protection 5.3.1 Patents 5.3.2 Trademarks 5.3.3 Copyrights 5.4 Regulatory aspects of intellectual property protection in the historical perspective 5.4.1 International framework of the protection of intellectual property rights 5.4.2 Intellectual property protection in the European Union 5.5 Intellectual property protection at the crossroads—current perspectives 5.6 Discussion References Part Two: Carbon dioxide sequestration materials and technologies 6- CO2 sequestration on cement 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Accelerated carbonation curing of cement compounds 6.2.1 Reaction mechanism of accelerated carbonation curing 6.2.1.1 Carbonation of anhydrous cement constituents 6.2.1.2 Carbonation of hydrated cement compounds 6.2.2 Steps involved in accelerated carbonation curing 6.2.2.1 In-mould curing 6.2.2.2 Preconditioning phase 6.2.2.3 Carbonation phase 6.2.2.4 Postconditioning phase 6.2.3 Laboratory setup of carbonation curing chamber 6.3 Factors affecting CO2 sequestration by accelerated carbonation curing 6.3.1 Effect of CO2 concentration, duration, and pressure of CO2 exposure 6.3.2 Effect of preconditioning on CO2 uptake by accelerated carbonation curing 6.3.3 Effect of material characteristics on CO2 uptake by accelerated carbonation curing 6.4 Performance of carbonation-cured building materials 6.4.1 Performance of cement paste and mortars 6.4.2 Performance of concrete masonry units 6.4.3 Performance of concrete 6.5 Use of supplementary cementitious materials for CO2 footprint reduction and sequestration 6.6 Alternate binders to enhance CO2 sequestration capacity of cement 6.7 Alternate techniques related to carbonation curing 6.8 Challenges for commercial implementation of accelerated carbonation curing 6.9 Areas of further investigation 6.10 Conclusions References 7 - Carbon dioxide sequestration on mortars containing recycled aggregates: a hot area for startup development 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental program 7.2.1 Materials 7.2.2 Mix design and mortar production 7.3 Results and discussion 7.3.1 Compressive strength 7.3.2 Flexural strength 7.3.3 Resistance to freeze–thaw 7.3.4 Carbon footprint 7.3.5 Cost analysis 7.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8 - Carbon sequestration in microalgae photobioreactors building integrated 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Importance of carbon sequestration: reducing CO2 built-up 8.2.1 Why to focus on CO2 concentrations: global warming and cities 8.2.2 CO2 capturing technologies 8.3 CO2 capture by microalgae 8.3.1 Microalgae as a potential tool for CO2 capture 8.3.2 Microalgae production systems: photobioreactors 8.4 Microalgae a green element for a bioactive façade 8.4.1 Bioactive façade systems from plants to microalgae 8.4.2 Photobioreactors: potential tool for a building live environment 8.5 Concluding remarks and future trends Acknowledgments References Part Three: Algorithms, big data and iot for eco-efficient and smart buildings 9 - Affective Internet of Things 9.1 Affective Internet of Things 9.2 IoT, Smart Homes, Ambient Intelligence, and Affective Computing 9.3 BIM, Smart and Interactive Buildings 9.4 Modern office smart systems Occupancy sensors Thermal sensors CO2 sensors 9.5 Affective BIM4Ren 9.5.1 Analysis of patents and systems 9.5.2 Description of the affective BIM4Ren 9.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10 - IoT and cloud computing for building energy efficiency 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Literature review 10.2.1 Digitization of the construction industry 10.2.2 Internet of things and cloud computing 10.2.3 Building energy efficiency 10.3 Overview of Internet of things technologies 10.4 Materials and methods 10.4.1 Methodology 10.4.2 Case study 10.4.3 System design 10.5 Analysis 10.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11 - Development of algorithms for 11 - Development of algorithms for building energy efficiency 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 The opportunity 11.1.2 The added value 11.1.3 The product scalability 11.1.4 Chapter structure 11.2 Brief overview of the primary algorithms adopted in building control industry 11.2.1 Classical control principles 11.2.2 Fuzzy logic controllers 11.2.3 Artificial intelligence and genetic algorithms 11.2.4 Deep reinforcement learning 11.2.5 Model-based controllers 11.3 Thermal comfort and energy efficiency 11.3.1 Algorithms 11.3.2 Applications 11.3.2.1 Case study: residential thermostats 11.3.2.2 Case study: commercial buildings 11.4 Power management and enhancing building flexibility 11.4.1 Applications 11.4.1.1 Case study: demand-side management and behind-the-meter energy storage 11.4.1.2 Case study: virtual power plants and demand response 11.5 Conclusions Abbreviations References 12 - Understanding the impact of building thermal environments on occupants' comfort and mental workload demand through human ph ... 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background 12.3 Thermal comfort interpretation through wearable biosensors and polling apps 12.3.1 Main components of the personalized HVAC control framework 12.3.1.1 Indoor sensors and wearable devices 12.3.1.2 Smartphone polling application 12.3.1.3 Database, comfort model, and control script 12.3.1.4 Programmable thermostat 12.3.2 Case study 12.4 Nonintrusive thermal comfort interpretation using infrared thermography 12.4.1 Approaches to collect skin temperature for thermal comfort sensing 12.4.2 Technical approach 12.4.2.1 Low-cost thermal camera 12.4.2.2 Face detection from the thermal image 12.4.3 Data collection experiments 12.4.4 Results and discussions 12.4.4.1 Data cleaning 12.4.4.2 Skin temperature statistics in the experiment 12.4.4.3 Thermal comfort prediction using the extracted features 12.5 Camera network for multioccupancy thermal comfort assessment 12.5.1 Characteristics of the nonintrusive thermal comfort sensing approach 12.5.2 Methodology 12.5.2.1 Thermal and RGB-D dual camera system 12.5.2.2 Kinect face detection 12.5.2.3 Occupant tracking in a single dual camera node 12.5.2.4 Kinect and thermal camera registration 12.5.2.5 Distance calibration of the thermal camera 12.5.2.6 The camera–occupant network 12.5.3 Data cleaning and feature extraction 12.5.4 Experimental setup and protocol 12.5.5 Results and discussion 12.5.5.1 Summary of facial skin temperature features and gender differences 12.5.5.2 Mapping facial mean skin temperature to thermal comfort state 12.6 Evaluation of mental work and performance using electroencephalogram 12.6.1 Conventional methods to evaluate mental workload and performance 12.6.2 Evaluation of mental workload and performance using EEG 12.7 Summary Acknowledgments References Part Four: Smartphone applications for infrastructure monitoring 13 - Structural health monitoring 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Smartphones, crowdsourcing, and modal identification 13.3 Formulation of citizen-induced uncertainties 13.3.1 Identification under spatiotemporal errors 13.3.2 Identification under directional errors 13.3.3 Identification under biomechanical errors 13.4 Cyberphysical system approach to civil infrastructure 13.5 Future trends Acknowledgments References 14 - Health monitoring of bridges 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Characterizing bridge response 14.2.1 Bridge response 14.2.2 Sensing systems 14.2.3 Data analysis 14.3 Bridge monitoring with smartphones 14.3.1 Contact sensors 14.3.2 Noncontact sensors 14.3.3 Mobile sensor networks 14.3.4 Summary and discussion 14.4 Case studies 14.4.1 Pedestrian suspension bridge 14.5 Current challenges and future perspectives and directions Acknowledgments References 15 - Monitoring urban noise 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Creating noise maps of cities 15.2.1 Measurement procedure for assessment of environmental noise levels 15.2.2 Traditional method—sound level meter measurements 15.2.3 Contemporary method—mobile crowdsensing 15.3 The implementation of mobile crowdsensing 15.3.1 Calibration of used measurement devices 15.3.2 Measurements gathered with mobile crowdsourcing 15.3.3 Results 15.4 The accuracy of the obtained mobile crowdsensing results 15.5 Conclusions 15.6 Future work 15.7. Acknowledgments References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover