Hydraulic Control Systems

Description

Provides key updates to a must-have text on hydraulic control systems This fully updated, second edition offers students and professionals a reliable and comprehensive guide to the hows and whys of today's hydraulic control system fundamentals. Complete with insightful industry examples, it features the latest coverage of modeling and control systems with a widely accepted approach to systems design. The book also offers all new information on: advanced control topics; auxiliary components (reservoirs, accumulators, coolers, filters); hybrid transmissions; multi-circuit systems; and digital hydraulics. Chapters in Hydraulic Control Systems, 2nd Edition cover; fluid properties; fluid mechanics; dynamic systems and control; hydraulic valves, pumps, and actuators; auxiliary components; and both valve and pump controlled hydraulic systems. The book presents illustrative case studies throughout that highlight important topics and demonstrate how equations can be implemented and used in the real world. It also features end-of-chapter exercises to help facilitate learning. It is a powerful tool for developing a solid understanding of hydraulic control systems that will serve all practicing engineers in the field. Provides a useful review of fluid mechanics and system dynamics Offers thorough analysis of transient fluid flow forces within valves Adds all new information on: advanced control topics; auxiliary components; hybrid transmissions; multi-circuit systems; and digital hydraulics Discusses flow ripple for both gear pumps and axial piston pumps Presents updated analysis of the pump control problems associated with swash plate type machines Showcases a successful methodology for hydraulic system design Features reduced-order models and PID controllers showing control objectives of position, velocity, and effort Hydraulic Control Systems, 2nd Edition is an important book for undergraduate and first-year graduate students taking courses in fluid power. It is also an excellent resource for practicing engineers in the field of fluid power. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents I Fundamentals 1 Fluid Properties 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fluid Mass Density 1.2.1 Equation of State 1.2.2 Density‐Volume Relationship 1.3 Fluid Bulk Modulus 1.3.1 Definitions 1.3.2 Effective Bulk Modulus 1.3.3 Measuring the Fluid Bulk Modulus 1.4 Thermal Fluid Properties 1.4.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.4.2 Thermal Conductivity 1.4.3 Specific Heat 1.5 Fluid Viscosity 1.5.1 Definitions 1.5.2 Viscous Drag Coefficient 1.5.3 Viscosity Charts and Models 1.6 Vapor Pressure 1.7 Chemical Properties 1.8 Fluid Types and Selection 1.8.1 Petroleum‐Based Fluids 1.8.2 Synthetic Fluids 1.8.3 Biodegradable Fluids 1.8.4 Water 1.8.5 Fluid Selection 1.9 Conclusion 1.10 References 1.11 Homework Problems 1.11.1 Fluid Mass Density 1.11.2 Fluid Bulk Modulus 1.11.3 Thermal Fluid Properties 1.11.4 Fluid Viscosity 2 Fluid Mechanics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Governing Equations 2.2.1 Navier‐Stokes Equations 2.2.2 High Reynolds Number Flow 2.2.3 Low Reynolds Number Flow 2.2.4 Turbulent versus Laminar Flow 2.2.5 Control Volume Analysis 2.3 Fluid Flow 2.3.1 The Reynolds Number 2.3.2 Bernoulli Flow and the Orifice Equation 2.3.3 Poiseuille Flow and the Annular Leakage Equation 2.3.4 Pipe Flow 2.4 Pressure Losses 2.4.1 Major Losses 2.4.2 Minor Losses 2.5 Pressure Transients 2.5.1 Hydraulic Conduits 2.5.2 Water Hammer 2.5.3 Pressure Rise Rates Within a Varying Control Volume 2.6 Hydraulic Energy and Power 2.6.1 Fluid Power 2.6.2 Heat Generation in Hydraulic Systems 2.7 Lubrication Theory 2.8 Conclusion 2.9 References 2.10 Homework Problems 2.10.1 Governing Equations 2.10.2 Fluid Flow 2.10.3 Fluid Pressure 2.10.4 Fluid Power 3 Dynamic Systems and Control 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Modeling 3.2.1 General 3.2.2 Mechanical Systems 3.2.3 Hydromechanical Systems 3.2.4 Electromechanical Systems 3.2.5 Summary 3.3 Linearization 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 The Taylor Series Expansion 3.3.3 Examples of Linearization 3.4 Dynamic Behavior 3.4.1 First‐Order Response 3.4.2 Second‐Order Response 3.4.3 Higher‐Order Response 3.5 State Space Analysis 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 State Space Equations 3.5.3 Characteristic Equation 3.6 Block Diagrams and the Laplace Transform 3.6.1 General 3.6.2 Laplace Transform 3.6.3 Partial Fraction Expansion 3.6.4 Block Diagrams 3.7 Stability 3.7.1 General 3.7.2 Stability Criterion 3.7.3 Summary 3.8 Feedback Control 3.8.1 General 3.8.2 PID Controller Design in the Time Domain 3.8.3 Control Design in the Frequency Domain 3.8.4 Digital Control 3.8.5 Controllability and State Feedback Controller Design 3.8.6 Observability and State Estimation 3.8.7 Summary 3.9 Conclusion 3.10 References 3.11 Homework Problems 3.11.1 Modeling 3.11.2 Linearization 3.11.3 Dynamic Behavior 3.11.4 Block Diagrams and the Laplace Transform 3.11.5 Feedback Control II Hydraulic Components 4 Hydraulic Valves 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Valve Flow Coefficients 4.2.1 Overview 4.2.2 Linearized Flow Equation 4.2.3 Valve Porting Geometry 4.2.4 Summary 4.3 Two‐Way Spool Valves 4.3.1 Overview 4.3.2 Efficiency 4.3.3 Flow Forces 4.3.4 Pressure Relief Valves 4.3.5 Summary 4.4 Three‐Way Spool Valves 4.4.1 Overview 4.4.2 Efficiency 4.4.3 Flow Forces 4.4.4 Hydromechanical Valves 4.4.5 Summary 4.5 Four‐Way Spool Valves 4.5.1 Overview 4.5.2 Efficiency 4.5.3 Flow Forces 4.5.4 Two‐Stage Electrohydraulic Valves 4.5.5 Summary 4.6 Poppet Valves 4.6.1 Overview 4.6.2 Efficiency 4.6.3 Flow Forces 4.6.4 Pressure Relief Valves 4.6.5 Summary 4.7 Flapper Nozzle Valves 4.7.1 Overview 4.7.2 Efficiency 4.7.3 Flow Forces 4.7.4 Two‐Stage Electrohydraulic Valves 4.7.5 Summary 4.8 Conclusion 4.9 References 4.10 Homework Problems 4.10.1 Valve Flow Coefficients 4.10.2 Spool Valves 4.10.3 Poppet Valves 4.10.4 Flapper Nozzle Valves 5 Hydraulic Pumps 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Overview 5.1.2 Hydrostatic Pump Types 5.1.3 Summary 5.2 Pump Efficiency 5.2.1 Overview 5.2.2 Efficiency Definitions 5.2.3 Modeling Pump Efficiency 5.2.4 Measuring Pump Efficiency 5.2.5 Summary 5.3 Gear Pumps 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 Pump Flow Characteristics 5.3.3 Pump Control 5.3.4 Summary 5.4 Axial‐Piston Swash‐Plate Pumps 5.4.1 Overview 5.4.2 Pump Flow Characteristics 5.4.3 Pressure‐Controlled Pumps 5.4.4 Displacement‐Controlled Pumps 5.4.5 Summary 5.5 Conclusion 5.6 References 5.7 Homework Problems 5.7.1 Pump Efficiency 5.7.2 Gear Pumps 5.7.3 Axial‐Piston Swash‐Plate Pumps 6 Hydraulic Actuators 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Actuator Types 6.2.1 Linear Actuators 6.2.2 Rotary Actuators 6.3 Linear Actuators 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Efficiency 6.3.3 Actuator Function 6.3.4 Summary 6.4 Rotary Actuators 6.4.1 Overview 6.4.2 Efficiency 6.4.3 Actuator Function 6.4.4 Summary 6.5 Conclusion 6.6 References 6.7 Homework Problems 6.7.1 Linear Actuators 6.7.2 Rotary Actuators 7 Auxiliary Components 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Accumulators 7.2.1 Function of the Accumulator 7.2.2 Design of the Accumulator 7.3 Hydraulic Conduits 7.3.1 Function of Hydraulic Conduits 7.3.2 Specification of Hydraulic Conduits 7.4 Reservoirs 7.4.1 Functions of the Reservoir 7.4.2 Design of the Reservoir 7.5 Coolers 7.5.1 Function of the Cooler 7.5.2 Design of the Cooler 7.6 Filters 7.6.1 Function of the Filter 7.6.2 Placement of the Filter 7.7 Conclusion 7.8 References 7.9 Homework Problems 7.9.1 Accumulators 7.9.2 Hydraulic Conduits 7.9.3 Reservoirs 7.9.4 Coolers 7.9.5 Filters III Hydraulic Control Systems 8 Valve‐Controlled Hydraulic Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Four‐Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator 8.2.1 Description 8.2.2 Analysis 8.2.3 Design 8.2.4 Control 8.2.5 Summary 8.3 Three‐Way Valve Control of a Single‐Rod Linear Actuator 8.3.1 Description 8.3.2 Analysis 8.3.3 Design 8.3.4 Control 8.3.5 Summary 8.4 Four‐Way Valve Control of a Rotary Actuator 8.4.1 Description 8.4.2 Analysis 8.4.3 Design 8.4.4 Control 8.4.5 Summary 8.5 Conclusion 8.6 References 8.7 Homework Problems 8.7.1 Four‐Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator 8.7.2 Three‐Way Valve Control of a Single Rod Linear Actuator 8.7.3 Four‐Way Valve Control of a Rotary Actuator 9 Pump‐Controlled Hydraulic Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fixed‐displacement Pump Control of a Linear Actuator 9.2.1 Description 9.2.2 Analysis 9.2.3 Design 9.2.4 Control 9.2.5 Summary 9.3 Variable‐displacement Pump Control of a Rotary Actuator 9.3.1 Description 9.3.2 Analysis 9.3.3 Design 9.3.4 Control 9.3.5 Summary 9.4 Conclusion 9.5 References 9.6 Homework Problems 9.6.1 Fixed‐displacement Pump Control of a Linear Actuator 9.6.2 Variable‐displacement Pump Control of a Rotary Actuator Unit Conversions Length Area Mass Volume Density Temperature Pressure Flow Torque Angular Speed Force Linear Velocity Power Index EULA