Green Technological Innovation for Sustainable Smart Societies: Post Pandemic Era

Description

This book discusses the innovative and efficient technological solutions for sustainable smart societies in terms of alteration in industrial pollution levels, the effect of reduced carbon emissions, green power management, ecology, and biodiversity, the impact of minimal noise levels and air quality influences on human health. The book is focused on the smart society development using innovative low-cost advanced technology in different areas where the growth in employment and income are driven by public and private investment into such economic activities, infrastructure and assets that allow reduced carbon emissions and pollution, enhanced energy, and resource efficiency and prevention of the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The book also covers the paradigm shift in the sustainable development for the green environment in the post-pandemic era. It emphasizes and facilitates a greater understanding of existing available research i.e., theoretical, methodological, well-established and validated empirical work, associated with the environmental and climate change aspects. Foreword Contents About the Editor Smart Cities: Building Sustainable Cities 1 Introduction 2 Intelligent Cities: Smart Cities 3 Sustainable Cities 4 Methodology 5 Relationship Between Sustainable Cities and Intelligent Cities 6 From Smart Cities Toward Sustainable Cities: Inclusion and Life Quality 7 Case Studies: Smart Cities from Brazil and Portugal 8 Conclusion and Future Scope References Wearable Sensors for Smart Societies: A Survey 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Conclusion References Postpandemic EdTech (Educational Technology) on Perspectives of Green Society 1 Introduction 2 Major Contribution 3 Technological Transformations in Education System 3.1 Online Video Lecture Platform 3.2 EdTech with Learning Applications 3.3 Virtual Transformation of Institutes 4 Technological Innovation of This Chapter 5 Education and Technology Complementary Approach 6 Future Technology Prospects 6.1 Education 4.0 6.2 Industry 4.0 6.3 Green Technology 7 Education Scenario of Pre- and Postpandemic Situation 8 Current Teaching-Learning as Blended Learning 9 Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Internet of Things (IoT)-Based EdTech 9.1 AI in Modern Education over Traditional Process 9.2 Existing AI Applications in Education 9.3 AI-Based Education Industry Perspectives 9.4 Scope of Industry to Develop Intelligent Education Platform 10 Holographic Technology and EdTech 10.1 Recording of Holograms 10.2 Use of Holograms in Virtual Teaching-Learning 10.3 Scope of 7D Technology to Form Virtual Institution 10.4 Benefits of Virtual Institution 10.5 AR/VR-Based Education in India 11 5G Technology in Blended Learning 12 Conclusion and Future Scope References Toward Sustainability 4.0: A Comprehensive Analysis of Sustainability in Corporate Environment 1 Introduction 2 An Overview and Background of Sustainability in the Corporate Environment 2.1 Concept of Sustainability 2.2 Corporate Sustainable Responsibility 2.3 Perception of Corporate Sustainable Responsibility 2.4 Current Tool and Concepts with Regard to Sustainability 2.5 Institutional Pressures and Barriers in the Path to Sustainability 3 Methodology 4 Discussion and Findings 4.1 Thematic Overview of the Reviewed Articles 4.2 Results 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Smart Health Care for Societies: An Insight into the Implantable and Wearable Devices for Remote Health Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Requirement of Wireless Medical Sensor 2.1 Lightweight and Miniature Size 2.2 Safety 2.3 Security and Reliability 2.4 Biocompatibility 2.5 Robust Communication and High-Throughput Network 3 Wearable and the Epidermal Sensor for Health Monitoring 3.1 Biocompatible Sensor 3.2 Biodegradable Sensor 3.3 Antenna Sensor 4 Implantable Sensor 4.1 Sensing Techniques 4.1.1 Capacitive Sensing Using Affinity Binding 4.1.2 Capacitive Sensing Using Microfluidic Channel 4.1.3 Microstrip Structure-Based Capacitive Sensing-Coplanar Waveguide Transmission Lines, Open Stub and Shunt Stub 4.1.4 Capacitive Sensing Based on Interdigitated Electrodes 4.1.5 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)-Based Biosensor 4.1.6 Tera Hertz Biosensor 5 Wearable and Implantable Telemetry Network 5.1 Telemetry Unit for Wearable Sensor 5.2 Telemetry Unit for Implantable Sensor 6 Other Issues and Their Solution for Implantable and Wearable Sensor Devices 6.1 Power Issue 6.2 Issues Regarding SAR 6.3 Antenna Placement Issue 7 Conclusion and Future Scope References Power Management Technique for Energy-Efficient Communication Systems in Telemedicine 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Embedded System 1.2 Objectives 2 Literature Survey and Problem Statement 2.1 Literature Survey 2.2 Problem Statement 3 Proposed Model for Embedded System-Based Power Management in WSN for Health Care Applications 3.1 Base Station 3.1.1 Sensor Nodes Temperature Sensor Heart beat Sensor Blood Pressure Sensor 3.2 Central Control Module 3.3 Receiver Module 3.4 Base Station Control Using Directed Power Management Technique 3.5 Server Section Self-Executing Path Resource Allocation (SERA) with Network Communication Using Sensor Nodes 3.5.1 Self-Executing Path Resource Allocation (SERA) Algorithm 3.6 Hardware Model 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Results for Power Management Technique by Using NS-2 4.2 Number of Patients vs Packet Delivery Ratio 4.3 Number of Patients vs Network Performance 4.4 Result of Energy Consumption 4.5 Performance Analysis 5 Conclusion 5.1 Future Scope References Influence of Reduced Noise Levels on Human Health During Quarantine Lockdown 1 Introduction 2 Interactional Pattern Between Humans and the Environment 3 Interaction Between Virus-Human-Environment 3.1 Psychology of Behaviour 4 Noise Pollution: Its Effect and Aftermath of Lockdown 5 Positive Psychology: Basic Concepts 5.1 Effects of Lockdown: A Positive Psychology Perspective 5.2 Actions to Be Implemented: Using Lockdown as a Baseline 5.3 Pro-environment Strategies Based on the PERMA Model 6 Blockages to a Sustainable Environment 7 Conclusion and Future Scope References Green Technologies for Handling and Management of Biomedical Waste 1 Introduction 2 Biomedical Waste Sources 3 Biomedical Waste Classification 3.1 Hazardous Biomedical Waste 3.2 Nonhazardous Biomedical Waste 4 Elucidation of Nonhazardous Biomedical Waste Types 4.1 Pathological Waste 4.2 Chemical Waste 4.3 Radioactive Waste 4.4 General Waste 4.5 Waste Originating from Pharmaceuticals 4.6 Infectious Waste 4.7 Sharp Material Waste 4.8 Aerosols and Pressurized Containers 5 Case Study of Biomedical Waste Management at KVG Hospital 5.1 Subjects and Methods 5.2 Outcomes 5.3 Discussion 6 Requirements for Biomedical Waste Management 6.1 Benefits of Appropriate Biomedical Waste Management 7 Technologies Used to Degrade Biomedical Waste 8 Applications 9 Sustainable Green Technologies: An Innovative Strategy for Future Implementation 10 Waste Management Initiative and Regulations in India 11 Conclusion References Patients’ Health Surveillance Model Using IoT and 6G Technology 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Wireless Healthcare Service Using 6G Technology 4 Role of IoT in Healthcare 5 Methodology 6 Discussion 7 Research Challenges 7.1 Providing Service 7.2 Device Management 7.3 Security and Threats 7.4 IoT Limitations 7.5 Challenges of 6G Technology 8 Conclusion and Future Scopes References Application of Innovative Eco-Friendly Energy Technology for Sustainable Agricultural Farming 1 Introduction 2 Importance of Innovative Eco-Friendly Energy Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural Farming 3 Applications 3.1 Green Innovative Irrigation 3.1.1 Sprinkler Irrigation (SI) 3.1.2 Drip Irrigation with Fertilizer (Fertigation System) Technology 3.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 3.2 Wind Turbine Energy 3.3 Solar Panel Energy Technology 3.3.1 Solar Panel Water Pump 3.3.2 Solar Panel Energy in Agricultural Greenhouse 4 Conclusion References Review on Smart Farming and Smart Agriculture for Society: Post-pandemic Era 1 Introduction 2 Pandemic Era Impacted Agriculture Quality 3 IoT Solutions to Agricultural Problems 4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Agricultures 5 Location-Based Sensors 6 Electrochemical Sensors 7 Temperature and Humidity Sensors 8 Optical Sensors 8.1 Visible Light Sensors 8.2 Multispectral Sensors 9 Thermal Infrared Sensors 10 Bluetooth-Enabled UAV for Agriculture 11 UAV Agriculture Control System 12 Design of UAV for Sowing Seeds 13 Requirements for Farmers to Implement Drone in Agriculture 13.1 Regulation of UAVs 13.2 Network Availability 13.3 Data Storage 13.4 Security and Privacy 13.5 Low Efficiency and High Accuracy 13.6 Operational Ethics 14 Applications of Sensor Networks in Agriculture for Farmers 14.1 Smart Irrigation System 14.2 Smart Fertilization System 14.3 Smart Pest Control and Disease Detection System for Farmers 15 Future Research Directions 15.1 Short Remote Range 15.2 Achieving Higher-Data Rates 15.3 Interference 15.4 UAV Technology Acceptance 16 Conclusion References Applications of Machine Learning and Internet of Things in Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Issues That Faced Farmers in Irrigation Process 3 Applications of ML in Smart Farming 4 IoT Sensors for Agriculture 4.1 pH Sensor 4.2 Gas Sensor 4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor 4.4 Temperature Sensor 4.5 Humidity Sensor 4.6 Motion Detector Sensor 4.7 Barometric Pressure Sensor 5 IoT Protocols for Agriculture 5.1 IEEE 802.11 WIFI 5.2 LoraWan 5.3 WiMax 5.4 2G/3G/4G Mobile Communication Standards 5.5 ZigBee 5.6 MQTT 5.7 RFID 5.8 Bluetooth 5.9 SigFox 6 Challenges of Using IoT in Agriculture 6.1 Security 6.2 Cost 6.3 Insufficient Knowledge of Technology 6.4 Reliability 6.5 Localization 6.6 Inefficient Storage for Huge Farming Data 6.7 Inefficient IoT Platforms 6.8 Networking Challenge 6.9 Resource Optimization 6.10 Quality of Service (QoS) 7 Applications of IoT in Smart Farming 8 Applications of IoT and ML in Smart Farming 9 Conclusion 10 Future Scope References Automation, Modern Tools and Technique for Sustainable Agriculture – An Important Parameter Toward Advance Plant Biotechnology 1 Introduction 2 Hydroponics 3 Plant Sensors 4 Atmospheric Conditions 5 Yield Checking 6 Domesticated Animals 7 Drones 8 Driverless Tractors 9 Customized Watering and Irrigation 10 Effect of Modern Agriculture Techniques 11 Agribusiness 12 Indoor Vertical Cultivation 13 Contemporary Nurseries 14 House-Top Gardens 15 Development Allotment in Agriculture 16 Use of Technology in Agriculture 17 Farm Automation 18 Animals Farming Technology 19 Modern Greenhouses 20 Precision Agriculture 21 Conclusion References Advance Security Schemes for Smart Societies 1 Introduction 2 Smart Cities to Smart Societies: An Overview 3 Major Security Challenges for Sustainable Smart Society 4 Security Schemes and Countermeasures 5 Blockchain Technology 6 Digital Forensics 7 Secure LAN Protocols 8 Ultra-Lightweight Cryptography 9 Biometric-Based User Authentication 10 Secure High-Speed Internet (5G) 11 Green Technological Innovations for an Environment-Friendly Smart Society 12 Conclusion and Future Scope References Internet of Things for Environment Protection and Sustainable Living 1 Introduction 2 Technology and Environment 3 IoT Features for Environment Protection 4 Algorithms for the Prevention of Environment Damages 4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 4.2 Fault Tree Analysis 5 Reduction of the Damage Using IoT 5.1 Ocean Clean-up 5.2 Waste Reduction Algorithm (WAR) 6 Protecting the Environment Norms Using IoT 6.1 Smart Disaster Response Using IoT 6.2 Real-Time Monitoring Systems Helpful for the Environment 7 Challenges Dealing with Environment Protection with Technology 8 Conclusion and Future Scope References Energy-Efficient Smart Cities with Green Internet of Things 1 Introduction 1.1 Green Internet of Things 2 Smart City 3 Smart Cities with Green IoT for Sustainable Environment 4 Methodology 5 Literature Review 6 Green IoT for Sustainable Smart Cities 7 Green IoT for Sustainable Traffic Control 8 Green IoT for Sustainable Waste Management 9 Green IoT for Sustainable Smart Buildings 10 Green IoT for Sustainable Smart City Surveillance 11 Green IoT for Sustainable Air Quality Management 12 Discussion 13 Conclusion References Materials Development for Energy Storage Applications 1 Introduction 2 Objective and Orientation of the Study 3 Context of the Study 4 Approach Adopted 5 Lithium Batteries: From Use to Understanding the Phenomena Involved 6 Principle of Operation of the Battery 7 The Successive Technologies of Lithium Batteries 7.1 The Lithium-Metal Batteries 7.2 The Lithium-ion Battery 7.3 Lithium ion-Polymer Battery 7.4 The Lithium Micro-Battery 8 Fields of Application of Battery 8.1 Electronics 8.2 Clean Vehicle 8.3 An Alternative to Lithium-ion: The Fuel Cell 9 Ab Initio Calculation Methods 9.1 Schrödinger’s Equation of Stationary States 9.2 Born-Oppenheimer Approximation 9.3 Density Functional Theory (DFT) 9.4 Theorems of Hohenberg and Kohn 9.5 Kohn and Sham’s Method 9.6 The Exchange-Correlation Function VXC(r) 9.7 Local Density Approximation LDA 9.8 Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) 9.9 Local Density (LSDA) and the Generalized Gradient (GGA) Approximations with Spin Polarization 9.10 Local Density and Generalized Gradient Approximations with Hubbard Correction (LDA + U and GGA + U) 9.11 Application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to Calculation Physical Properties of Crystalline Solids (Solving Kohn-Sham Equations) 10 Choice of the Method of the Wave Function Basis and the Potential Form 10.1 General Characteristics of the FP-LAPW Method 10.2 Characteristics of the Pseudo-Potentials 10.3 The Ultra-Soft/Ultra Pseudo-Potentials (US-PP) 11 Modeling of Thermoelectric Materials 11.1 The Basis of the Semi-Classical Theory of Transport 11.2 The Transport Coefficients 12 Conclusion and Future Scope References An Integrated Constructed Wetland System for Society 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Project Site 2.2 Wetland Plants 2.3 Experimental Setup 2.4 Sampling and Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Index