Water Resources of Pakistan: Issues and Impacts (World Water Resources, 9)

Description

This book presents the first comprehensive assessment of water resources in Pakistan including surface water resources and groundwater resources. It gives a detailed overview of issues and challenges related to water which have not been adequately addressed e.g. water resource vulnerability to climate change, groundwater depletion and contamination, and water governance etc. It includes a collection and compilation of unpublished and scattered data from the archives and repositories of various national institutions and organization. Given the literature dearth, this book will not only be a comprehensive assessment of water resources in Pakistan but can also can as outstanding textbook on water resource management in Pakistan. It will attract a great range of readership including water specialists, researchers, undergraduate and post graduate students and policy makers from Pakistan as well as from overseas. Foreword 1 Foreword 2 Acknowledgements Contents Chapter 1: Pakistan’s Water Resources: Overview and Challenges 1.1 Overview of Pakistan’s Water Resources 1.2 Pakistan – Water Challenges 1.3 Book Overview and Key Messages References Chapter 2: Pakistan’s Water Resources: From Retrospect to Prospect 2.1 Introduction to Pakistan’s Water Resources 2.2 Pakistan’s Water Origins in the Middle Indus Valley 2.3 The Indefinite Indus Basin of Pakistan – August 1947 to September 1960 2.4 From State Canals to Private Tube-Wells – 1960 to 2010 2.5 The Great Flood and Back to the Future (2010–2020) 2.6 Prospect References Chapter 3: Pakistan’s Transboundary Water Challenge 3.1 Pakistan’s Transboundary Water Profile: Dependencies and Development Pressures in the Indus Basin 3.2 Nature of the Transboundary Water Challenge 3.2.1 Pakistan–India 3.2.2 Pakistan–Afghanistan 3.2.3 Pakistan–China 3.2.4 Effects of Climate Change on a Basin-Wide Scale 3.3 Legal and Institutional Architecture for Transboundary Water Sharing: Voids, Omissions and Spaces for Action 3.4 Transboundary Water Governance for Pakistan’s Future References Chapter 4: Water Security in Pakistan: Availability, Accessibility and Utilisation 4.1 Water Security in Pakistan: A Broad Perspective 4.1.1 Defining Water Security 4.1.2 Water, Population and Uncertainty 4.1.3 Understanding the Resource at the National Scale 4.1.4 Beyond the Broad Perspective: Water Security at Local Scales 4.2 Perspective A: South Punjab 4.2.1 Context and Study Area 4.2.2 Agricultural Water Availability 4.2.3 Unsustainable Groundwater Extraction 4.2.4 Electric Tube-Wells and Policy Paradigm Shift 4.3 Perspective B: Karachi City 4.3.1 Water Availability 4.3.2 Water Demand 4.3.3 Access 4.3.4 Water Quality and Hazards 4.4 Perspective C: Southern Sindh and the Indus Delta 4.4.1 Uncertain Water Availability 4.4.2 Water Security of the Indus Delta 4.5 Concluding Thoughts Appendix References Chapter 5: Climate Change in the Mountains of Pakistan and its Water Availability Implications 5.1 Background 5.2 Climatology of Northern Pakistan 5.3 Hydrology of Northern Pakistan 5.4 Cryospheric Profile of Pakistan 5.5 Climate Change in Pakistan 5.5.1 Changes in Precipitation and Temperature across the HKH Mountains of Pakistan 5.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 6: Pakistan’s Water Resources in the Era of Climate Change 6.1 Geographical Location 6.2 Situation Analysis 6.3 Major Climatic Threats 6.3.1 Temperature Rise 6.3.2 Erratic Precipitation Patterns 6.3.3 Extreme Events (Floods and Droughts) 6.3.4 Glacier Melting 6.3.5 Sea Level Rise and Seawater Intrusion in the Indus Delta 6.4 Conclusions and the Way Forward References Chapter 7: Unlocking Economic Growth Under a Changing Climate: Agricultural Water Reforms in Pakistan 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Modelling Framework 7.2.1 The Water Demand Module 7.3 Scenarios and Key Assumptions 7.4 Indus Basin Water Balances in the CGE-W 7.4.1 CGE-W Climate Change Assumptions 7.5 Future Water Demand and Use 7.5.1 Crop-Wise Water Use 7.6 Connecting Economic Productivity and GDP Growth with Water Productivity 7.7 Dietary Change 7.8 Critical Agricultural Reforms 7.9 Improving Environmental Management 7.10 CGE-W Support to Reforms for a Water Secure Pakistan 7.10.1 Strategic Planning 7.10.2 Improvements in Irrigation and Drainage Services 7.10.3 Inter-sectoral Water Allocations 7.11 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Sustainability Analysis of Irrigation Water Management in Punjab, Pakistan 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Punjab’s Water Resources in the National Context 8.1.2 Typology of Farm Level Irrigation Management in Punjab 8.2 Sustainability Analysis of Irrigation Water Management in Punjab 8.2.1 Risk and Vulnerability 8.2.1.1 Reliability 8.2.1.2 Reversibility 8.2.2 Environmental System Integrity 8.2.2.1 The Health of Flood Plain Ecosystem 8.2.2.2 Water Quality 8.2.2.3 Resilience to Climate Change 8.2.3 Economic Acceptability and Equity 8.2.3.1 Self-Reliance 8.2.3.2 Water Use Efficiency 8.2.3.3 Equity 8.3 Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 9: Examining Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan with a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach 9.1 Introduction 9.2 An Historical Geographic Perspective on the WEF Nexus in the Indus Basin 9.3 The Modern WEF Nexus Framework: Perspectives, Levels and Scales 9.3.1 Perspectives 9.3.1.1 System Perspective 9.3.1.2 Governance Perspective 9.3.1.3 Emerging Discourse Perspective 9.3.1.4 Resource Recovery Perspective 9.3.1.5 Environmental Livelihood Security Perspective 9.3.1.6 Economic Optimisation Perspective 9.3.2 Levels of Analysis 9.3.2.1 Value Level 9.3.2.2 Normative Level 9.3.2.3 Pragmatic Level 9.3.2.4 Empirical Level 9.3.3 Scales of Analysis 9.3.3.1 Greater Pakistan Scale 9.3.3.2 Indus Basin Irrigation System Scale 9.3.3.3 Provincial Scale 9.3.3.4 Sub-Provincial Scales 9.3.4 Summary 9.4 WEF Nexus Challenges in Pakistan’s Irrigated Agriculture Sector 9.4.1 Low Crop Yields and Water Productivity 9.4.2 Low Staple and Export Crop Diversification 9.4.3 Energy Use for Groundwater Pumping 9.4.4 Dated Surface Water Allocation Systems 9.4.5 Lack of a Regulatory Groundwater Policy Framework 9.4.6 Adaptation of a Climate-and-Society Smart Irrigated Agriculture 9.4.7 Governing the WEF Nexus 9.5 Distributaries, Districts and DISCOs: A Way Forward for Implementing WEF Nexus Thinking in the Irrigated Agriculture Sector References Chapter 10: Groundwater Crisis: A Crisis of Governance? 10.1 Pakistan’s Groundwater Crisis in the Global Context 10.2 Growing Dependency on Groundwater: A Case of Pakistan’s Punjab Province 10.3 A Crisis of Governance? Insights from the History of Groundwater Governance in Punjab, Pakistan 10.3.1 Colonial Approach to Groundwater Governance 10.3.2 Post-colonial Groundwater Development 10.3.3 Historical Contingency and the Contemporary Groundwater Governance Problem 10.4 Implication for Water Policy and Groundwater Governance in Pakistan References Chapter 11: Spatial Variability of Groundwater Storage in Pakistan 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Geography and Climate of Pakistan 11.2.1 Groundwater Resources of Pakistan 11.3 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data 11.4 Methodology 11.4.1 Sen’s Slope Estimator 11.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall (MK) Test 11.4.3 Assessment of Spatial Patterns of Changes 11.5 Results and Discussion 11.5.1 Monthly and Yearly Variations in Groundwater Mean Storage 11.5.2 Spatial Patterns of Groundwater Storage Variations 11.5.3 Trends in Groundwater Storage Decline 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Impacts of Water Quality on Human Health in Pakistan 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Water Quality Definition and Global Context 12.1.2 Water Quality and Anthropogenic Impacts 12.1.3 Water Quality Status of Pakistan 12.1.4 Major Pollutants in Water Resources of Pakistan and Their Sources 12.2 Status of Microbial Pathogens in Water Resources of Pakistan and Their Health Impacts 12.3 Status of Toxic Metals in Water Resources of Pakistan and Their Health Impacts 12.4 Impact of Water-Borne Diseases on the Pakistan Economy 12.5 Environmental Regulations in Pakistan 12.6 Recommended Strategies to Reduce Water-Borne Health Issues 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Improving Water Management in Pakistan Using Social-Ecological Systems Research 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Why Water Management in Pakistan Needs Improving: Groundwater as a Case Study 13.2.1 Ecological Impacts 13.2.2 Societal Impacts 13.2.3 Causes: A Social-Ecological Systems Analysis 13.3 Contributing to Improved Water Management Using the Practice of Social-Ecological Systems Research 13.3.1 Interdisciplinary Research: Building Partnerships Across Disciplines 13.3.1.1 What We Have Been Doing 13.3.1.2 Suggested Improvements 13.3.2 Transdisciplinary Research: Building Partnerships Between Researchers and Research Users 13.3.2.1 What We Have Been Doing 13.3.2.2 Suggested Improvements 13.3.3 Co-inquiry and Interventionist Research: Building Partnerships Between Researchers, Research Users and Research Beneficiaries 13.3.3.1 What We Have Been Doing 13.3.3.2 Mobile Application “Apna Pani” for Groundwater Data Collection and Visualisation 13.3.3.3 Suggested Improvements 13.3.4 Investment Planning 13.4 Conclusion References Chapter 14: A Roadmap for a Comprehensive Water Resources Forecast System for Pakistan 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Forecast Paradigm 14.1.2 Model Scale 14.1.3 Forecast Uncertainty 14.2 Forecasting System Framework 14.2.1 Traditional Approach 14.2.2 Automated Approach 14.2.3 Hybrid Forecast Approach 14.3 Pakistan’s Needs 14.3.1 Model Selection and Forecast System Design 14.3.2 Concept of Operations (CONOPS) 14.3.3 Staff Training 14.3.4 Precipitation Processing System 14.3.5 Real-Time and Archive Relational Databases 14.3.6 Model Parameter Estimation and Calibration 14.3.6.1 Parameter Estimation 14.3.6.2 Calibration 14.3.7 Modelling System 14.3.8 System Monitoring 14.3.9 Real-Time Forecast Assessment 14.3.10 Forecast Verification System 14.4 Implementation Considerations 14.4.1 ecFlow Approach 14.4.1.1 ecFlow Advantages 14.4.1.2 ecFlow Disadvantages 14.4.2 FEWS Approach 14.4.2.1 FEWS Advantages 14.4.2.2 FEWS Disadvantages 14.5 Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 15: Ways Forward to Improve Water Security in Pakistan 15.1 Water Security and Pakistan’s Challenge 15.2 Re-thinking the National Water Policy 2018 15.3 The Institutional Structures and Issues in Recent Water Legislation 15.4 Leverage Points for Better Water Policy and Achieving Water Security 15.5 Conclusions References