Identifying Models of National Urban Agendas: A View to the Global Transition

Description

This book utilises comparative diachronic and synchronic analyses to investigate models of national urban agendas. Encompassing cases from Europe, North America, South America and Asia, it examines the changing global geography of national urban agendas since the second post-war period. The book demonstrates that whilst some discontinuities and differences exist between countries, they each demonstrate a common systematic investment in urban policies, that are considered as programmes of intervention and funding schemes for cities. Furthermore, in such programmes a political vision is evident which recognizes an important role for cities and urbanization processes at a national level. The book will appeal to scholars and students of public policy, urban planning and public administration, as well as practitioners and policymakers at the national and local levels. Preface Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables List of Boxes Chapter 1: Knowledge and Craft of Urban Agendas 1 Urban Agendas as Planning Efforts Infused with Politics 2 Between Low and High Politics 3 Definitions and Scopes for Urban Agendas 4 A Changing Geography 5 What’s Urban in National Urban Agendas? 6 Reframing Cities Within National Urban Agendas References Part I: The “Old” Geography: Between Continuity and Change Chapter 2: Urban Policies in France: Stronger Metropolises and Steering State 1 Introduction 2 1945–1980: The State as the Major Actor of Urban Planning and Regional Development 2.1 Urban Planning Policies: The Central State as the Orchestrator of Reconstruction and Urbanization 2.2 Regional Development Policies: Strengthening Regional Main Cities to Counterbalance the Economic Dominance of Paris 2.3 Urban Constituent Policies: The Timid Creation of Intermunicipal Cooperation Bodies 3 1980–2000: Decentralization Reforms and the Rise of Cities 3.1 Urban Planning Policies: The Invention of the “Politique de la Ville” 3.2 Regional Development Policies: From State-Led Projects to the Endogenous Development of Cities and Regions 3.3 Urban Constituent Policies: The Decentralization Reforms and Their Urban Blind Spot 4 2000–2022: Strategic State and Emancipated Metropolises 4.1 Urban Planning Policies: Place-Selling Policies and Urban Renewal 4.2 Regional Development Policies: The Affirmation of Metropolitan Regions and Interterritorial Competition by the State … and Their Political Backlash 4.3 Urban Constituent Policies: Metropolises Complete Their Affirmation Despite Signs of Recentralization 5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: The Financialisation of Urban Policy in the UK: From Area-Based Initiatives to Area-Based Value-Capture 1 Introduction 2 Where and How: Towards a Policy for the Inner Cities 3 From the Property-Led Approach to Single Regeneration Budget: Policies Under the Conservative Government (1979–1997) 4 Debates and Policies Under the Labour Governments: Bringing Britain Together and the Urban Renaissance (1997–2010) 5 The Decline of Area-Based Urban Policy (2010–2019) 6 The Future of English Urban Policy References Chapter 4: China’s National Urban Agenda: Transition and Reframing Cities 1 Introduction 2 Reframing Cities Within a Changing National Urban Agenda 3 National Urban Agenda in the Maoist Period (1949–1978) 4 National Urban Agenda in the Reform Period (1978–Present) 5 Shanghai’s Urban Agenda: From Industrial City to International Financial Metropolis 5.1 From “Paris of the East” to Industrial City 5.2 An International Financial Metropolis 6 Towards a Renewal of the National Urban Agenda: The New Urbanization Policy 6.1 Political and Scientific Debates on the Need to Restructure the Urban Agenda 6.2 The National New-Type Urbanization Plan 2014–2020 7 Conclusions References Chapter 5: The Politics of U.S. Urban Agendas: Ideology, Government, and Public Policies 1 Introduction 2 The Evolution of Urban Policies from a Historical Perspective: The Changing Urban Question and Urban Agenda 2.1 From Problems to Agendas: Shaping Urban Issues for Political Action from the 1930s to the 1970s 2.2 Outmigration and the Urban Renewal Label 2.3 Critical Consensus 2.4 The “Shame of Our Cities”: A Problem of Democratic Representation 2.5 Model Cities and the Community Action Approach 3 Foundations for a New Federalism 3.1 The New Foedus: Toward an Effective Intergovernmental Partnership 3.2 Non-Urban Policies in “Reaganomics” and Clinton’s Plan to Change America 4 The Great Transformation 4.1 A Changing Urban Policy for Metropolitan America? 4.2 From Covid-19 Pandemic to Wartime in Europe: The Ephemeral Anchorage of Urban Agendas References Part II: The Changing Geography: Critical Examples Chapter 6: Towards a National Urban Policy in Argentina 1 Introduction 2 National Urban Agendas in the Latin American Region 3 The Challenges of Territorial Planning in Argentina 3.1 Main Characteristics of Territorial and Political Fragmentation in Argentina 4 The Historical Evolution of the Urban Agendas in Argentina 4.1 2003–2015: The Return of Territorial Planning in Argentina 4.1.1 Pet I (2008) 4.1.2 Pet II (2011) 4.1.3 Pet III (2015) 4.2 The Period 2015–2019: The Overlapping Between the Elaboration of National Urban Policy (NUP) and the Continuity of the PET 4.2.1 Pet IV (2018) 4.3 An Assessment of the Role of PET in the Evolution of Urban Agendas in Argentina 5 The Elaboration of the National Urban Policy (NUP) in Argentina 5.1 The Contents of the NUP and the Action Plan 5.2 Conclusion. The Limits and Outcomes of the NUP 6 Epilogue: Challenges of Urban Agendas in the Face of the Pandemic References Chapter 7: The Federal Urban Agenda in Brazil: Democratization and Politicization of Planning Practice 1 Introduction 2 Agenda as a Political Issue 3 The Lula and Dilma Age: Building Democracy 3.1 The Political Role of Urban Planning: The City Statute 3.2 Urban Planning, Right to Land and Housing 3.3 Metropolitan Governance and Planning 4 Temer and Bolsonaro: Dismantling the Public Action 5 Environment Sustainability and Protection 6 Conclusion References Online References Legal References Chapter 8: Learning from Mistakes? India’s New Urban Planning Order of 2020 1 Introduction 2 The Urban Question in the Indian Setting 2.1 Appraising the Urban Question from Its Definition 2.2 Urban Policies as “Machines for Living”, Meeting the International Standards for a New Urban Agenda 3 Learning from Mistakes: An Approach to Rethink Urban Planning in India 3.1 From the British Raj to an Economic Synoptic Model: 63 Years of Five-Year-Plans, from 1951 to 2017 3.2 JnNURM: Learning from the Previous Urban Reform Agenda (2005–2015) 3.3 Governing Urban Policies at Local Level: A Panoply of Missions and Schemes (2015–2021) 3.3.1 The Missing Participants 3.3.2 Urban Poor Excluded from Cities 3.3.3 Assessment 4 NUPF: Meeting the International Standards for a New Urban Agenda? 4.1 The National Urban Policy Framework (2020) 4.2 Assessing Potential Implications of the New Indian Urban Agenda in the Complex Post-Pandemic Framework 4.2.1 The COVID-19 Implications for India 4.2.2 Footloose Migrants and Infrastructural Shortcomings in Cities 5 Concluding Remarks References Other Sources Interviews Conference Papers Chapter 9: The Urban Agenda in Canada. Limited Room for Action in Federal-Municipal Relations 1 Introduction 2 The Federal Urban Agenda: Short-Lived Efforts for Explicit Urban Actions 2.1 1968–1979: The Federal Government as Direct Urban Actor 2.2 2001–2006: The Federal Government as Enabler of Municipal Autonomy 2.3 2015–Today: A Federal Vision and Multiple Sectoral Policies 3 Municipal Action in Toronto Between Desires and Concrete Realizations 4 The Impact of the COVID-19 Emergency on Canadian Cities 5 Conclusions References Part III: The Forthcoming Geography: Capacity Building, Social Innovation, and Public Participation Chapter 10: National Urban Policies in Europe, a Contrasted and Fragmented Picture or a Shared Social Construction? 1 Introduction 2 The Urban Policy Arena and the Pending Heritage of Four Decades of Decentralisation Processes 3 The Unclear Scope of Urban Policy 4 The Urban (and the Right to the City) Under Redefinition 5 Are National Urban Policies a Characterising Feature of the EU Continent? References Chapter 11: Analysis of the Spanish Urban Agenda from a Policy Transfer Perspective. Advancing to More Resilient Post-COVID Urban Areas 1 Introduction 2 The SUA Policy-Building Process Until Its Approval in 2019 2.1 The Launching of the SUA by the Ministry of Finance: An EU-Driven Initiative 2.2 A New Process Under the Leadership of the Ministry of Public Works: The 2030 Agenda as Dominant Policy Framework 3 The “Urban Issue” Within the SUA: Approach and Content 4 Key Distinctive Elements of the SUA and Its Construction 5 Relating the SUA with the Recovery Plan—España Puede 6 Conclusions and Lessons Learned: “Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed” References Chapter 12: Housing Policy in the Political Agenda: The Trajectory of Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Housing Policies in the EU 3 After the Carnation Revolution 4 Portugal’s Adhesion to EU 5 The Post-2000 Housing Drought 6 Back to Housing Policy? 7 Conclusive Remarks References Chapter 13: Social Innovation, Welfare Regimes and National/Urban Agendas: Going Outside “the Local Trap” in Social Innovation Studies 1 Introduction 2 Background: Main Characters of Social Innovation as Policy Strategy 3 Nine Quick Portraits of National and Local Social Innovation Agendas 3.1 Learning from Comparison 4 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Connecting the Dots of an Implicit Agenda: The Case of Participatory Budgeting as a Travelling Policy 1 Introductory Remarks. How Public Policy Instruments Evolve over Time 2 Definitions and Key Attributes of PB 3 Shifting Geographies and Changing Protagonists 4 Which Agenda for a Community of Committed Advocates? 5 An Open Conclusion References Index