Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Social Work

Description

Part I What Is Evidence-Based Practice and How It Influences Clinical Practice 1 Introduction and Overview What Is Evidence-Based Practice?​ The Foundations and History of EBP The Overall Goals of EBP Defining the EBM/​EBP Practice Decision-Making Process What Makes Up the EBM/​EBP Practice Decision-Making Model?​ How the EBP Practice Decision-Making Process Differs from “Empirically Supported Treatments” and “Best Practices” EBP in Social Work Wasn’t There Any Previous Evidence that Treatments Worked?​ An Example:​ Is Medication Useful for Treating Depression?​ EBP:​ A Movement in Crisis?​ Summary References 2 Three Perspectives on Evidence-Based Practice The Policy Level and Administrative Applications of EBP Using Evidence in Evaluations of the Performance of Professionals EBP, Many Ways of Knowing, and Qualitative Research Qualitative Research and EBP Summary A Starting Point for the Clinical Social Work Practitioner References 3 The Steps of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Practice:​ An Overview The Six Steps of EBP in Clinical Practice How Practice Evaluation Links to EBP Step 1:​ Drawing on Practice Questions, Identify Research Information Needs in a Thorough Assessment Information Needs May Not Always Be About Selecting Treatments A Model for Framing Clinical Questions:​ The PICOT Model Enhancing the Client-Practitioner Relationship Improving Diagnostic Assessment Selecting the Optimal Treatment Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Print Resources Online Resources Online Practice Guidelines What the Literature Shows About “Light Therapy” Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of Found Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation The Hierarchy of Research Evidence in EBM/​EBP Practice Guidelines:​ Research Support for Specific Techniques Is This Research Applicable to My Client’s Needs and Situation?​ Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing Client Needs and Views with Relevant Research and Professional Expertise, Develop a Plan of Intervention Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention How Practice Evaluation is Different from EBP Summary References 4 Step 1 of EBP:​ Assessment in Clinical Social Work and Identifying Practice Information Needs Defining Assessment Components of an Assessment The Person-in-Environment Classification System [PIE] The Risk and Resilience Framework Family Systems Models Psychodynamic Models American Psychiatric Association Guidelines:​ The Medical Model Assessment of Mental Health Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Guidelines and Cautions Regarding Assessment and Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests and Measures A Social Work Assessment Format Issues in Step 1 of EBP:​ Drawing on Practice Questions, Identify Research Information Needs in a Thorough Assessment Case of Samir:​ Identifying Practice Information Needs Through Assessment Summary References 5 Step 2 of EBP:​ Locating Practice Research Starting Points Print Resources Online Resources Disorder- or Diagnosis-Specific Online Resources Program-Oriented Online Resources General Online Resources Addressing Clinical Practice Databases of Individual Research Articles The Advantages of Combining Results for SRs and Individual Articles Search Strategies The Next Step in EBP:​ Critically Evaluating Located Research Knowledge References 6 Step 3 of EBP:​ Part 1—Evaluating Research Designs Research Designs Types of Clinical Studies Part 1:​ Experimental Studies or RCTs Effectiveness vs.​ Efficacy Studies:​ Experiments Done in Different Settings Part 2:​ Quasi-experimental and Cohort Studies—Comparisons Without Random Participant Assignment Part 3:​ Non-interventive Research Designs and Their Purposes Resources on Research Design in EBP Summary References 7 Step 3 of EBP:​ Part 2—Evaluating Research Methods Sampling Issues Representativene​ss and Diversity Sample Size Types of Samples The Human Diversity Included in Study Samples Standardized Tests and Measures of Biopsychosocial Issues Identifying and Locating Standardized Tests and Measures Identifying the Specific Properties of Tests and Measures Defining Treatments Treatment Manuals Statistics Levels of Measure Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics:​ Differences in Population Distributions The Five Uses for Statistical Tests Choosing a Statistical Test The Misuse and Misinterpretatio​n of Statistics in Published Reports Reporting Statistics Summary References 8 Step 3 of EBP:​ Part 3—Meta-analysis and Systematic Reviews, Aggregating Research Results Meta-analysis as a Method of Research Synthesis Systematic Reviews Specifying the Systematic Review Topic Locating Research Studies for a Systematic Review Evaluating the Methodological Quality of Research Reports in Systematic Reviews Statistical Meta-analysis Statistics Used in Meta-analysis An Example of a Cochrane Collaboration Systematic Review Cochrane Systematic Reviews:​ Organization and Audiences Psychological Therapies for Chronic Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults The Plain Language Summary of a Systematic Review The Systematic Review Abstract Evaluating Systematic Reviews Summary References 9 Step 4 of EBP:​ Collaboratively Discussing Treatment Options with the Client Reasons to Include the Client in the Decision-Making Process Consistency with the Code of Ethics Active Collaboration Is Part of Culturally Competent Practice Research Support for Active Collaboration with the Client Including the Client Strengthens the Alliance Growing Policy and Financial Support for Active Collaboration with Clients Factors to Consider During the Conversation Guiding Questions to Consider Additional Questions to Consider Regarding the Clinician and Setting Key Dimensions of Client Input in Clinical Decision-Making Summary References 10 Steps 5 and 6 of EBP:​ Finalizing the Treatment Plan and Practice Evaluation Discussing Treatment Options with the Client and Finalizing the Treatment Plan Documenting the Treatment Plan Implementing the Treatment Practice Evaluation Models of Practice Evaluation Summary References Part II Case Examples of Evidence-Based Practice 11 Sam:​ An Older, Gay Man Who Appears Depressed Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Client Needs and Circumstances Learned in a Thorough Assessment, Identify Answerable Practice Questions and Related Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Client’s Clinical Needs and Circumstances with the Relevant Research, Finalize a Shared Plan of Intervention Collaboratively with the Client Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 12 Ray:​ A Man Fearful of Panic Attacks Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Client Needs and Circumstances Learned in a Thorough Assessment, Identify Answerable Practice Questions and Related Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Client’s Clinical Needs and Circumstances with the Relevant Research, Finalize a Shared Plan of Intervention Collaboratively with the Client Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 13 Sally:​ A 12-Year-Old Who May Have Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Client Needs and Circumstances Learned in a Thorough Assessment, Identify Answerable Practice Questions and Related Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Client’s Clinical Needs and Circumstances with the Relevant Research, Finalize a Shared Plan of Intervention Collaboratively with the Client Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 14 Newman and Loretta:​ Parents of Arthur, a Man Who Has Schizophrenia Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Practice Questions, Identify Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Client’s Clinical Needs and Circumstances with the Relevant Research, Finalize a Shared Plan of Intervention Collaboratively with the Client Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 15 Jin:​ A 16-Year-Old Korean-American Male with Drinking Issues Applying the Six Steps of EBP to Jin’s Needs Step 1:​ Drawing on Client Needs and Circumstances Learned in a Thorough Assessment, Identify Answerable Practice Questions and Related Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Clinical Needs and Circumstanceswit​h the Views of the Client and the Relevant Research, Develop a Plan of Intervention Considering Available Options Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 16 Jennifer:​ A Young Homeless Woman Who Has Borderline Personality Disorder Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Client Needs and Circumstances Learned in a Thorough Assessment, Identify Answerable Practice Questions and Related Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing the Client’s Clinical Needs and Circumstances with the Relevant Research, Finalize a Shared Plan of Intervention Collaboratively with the Client Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 17 Bethany:​ A Woman Recalling Her Traumatic History Applying Steps of EBP to Bethany’s Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Practice Questions, Identify Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing Client Needs and Views with Relevant Research and Professional Expertise, Develop a Plan of Intervention Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References 18 Gabrielle:​ A Young Woman in Pain Who Is Opioid Dependent Applying the Six Steps of EBP to the Case Step 1:​ Drawing on Practice Questions, Identify Research Information Needs Step 2:​ Efficiently Locate Relevant Research Knowledge Step 3:​ Critically Appraise the Quality and Applicability of This Knowledge to the Client’s Needs and Situation Step 4:​ Actively and Collaboratively Discuss the Research Results with the Client to Determine How Likely Effective Options Fit with the Client’s Values, Preferences, and Culture Step 5:​ Synthesizing Client Needs and Views with Relevant Research and Professional Expertise, Develop a Plan of Intervention Step 6:​ Implement the Intervention References Part III Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Social Work Education and Ongoing Issues 19 Evidence-Based Practice:​ Teaching and Supervision Teaching EBP Defining EBP Modeling the Complexity of EBP in Teaching Examining the Social Work Curriculum Field Education Coordinating Social Work Professional Organizations Shifting the Culture of Social Work Supervision and EBP Summary References 20 Continuing Issues Regarding EBP in Practice Challenges to EBP in Practice Social Justice and EBP Limitations to Available Research Realities of Real-World Practice Accessibility of Research Ignores the Expertise of the Clinician Logistics and Realities of EBP Implementation Questions Related to Modifying the Intervention Motivation to Use EBP Social Workers Compared to Other Professionals in the EBP Movement Including Human Diversity in EBP Summary References 21 Conclusion:​ The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Other Perspectives on EBP EBP as a Shaping Influence on Research and Education EBP as a Public Idea that Shapes Policy and Practice Funding Making the Most of Professional Expertise Staying Close to Cases and to the Realities of Clinical Social Work Practice Is EBP Effective?​ References Appendix A:​ An Outline for a Biopsychosocial Assessment and Intervention Plan Appendix B:​ A Bullet Point Summary of the Merits and the Limitations of EBP Glossary Index