Dealing With Bioethical Issues In A Globalized World: Normativity In Bioethics

Description

This book addresses the complexity of talking about normativity in bioethics within the context of contemporary multicultural and multi-religious society. It offers original contributions by specialists in bioethics exploring new ways of understanding normativity in bioethics. In bioethical publications and debates, the concept of normativity is often used without consideration of the difficulties surrounding it, whereas there are many competing claims for normativity within bioethics. Examples of such competing normative bioethical discourses can be perceived in variations and differences in bioethical arguments within individual religions, and the opposition between bioethical arguments from specific religions and arguments from bioethicists who do not claim religious allegiance. We also cannot merely assume that a Western understanding of normative bioethics will be unproblematic in bioethics in non-Western cultures and religions. Through an analysis of normativity in Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and Jewish bioethics, the book creates awareness of the complexity of normativity in bioethics. The book also covers normative bioethics outside an explicitly religiously committed context, and specific attention is paid to bioethics as an interdisciplinary endeavor. It reveals how normativity relates to empirical and global bioethics, which challenges it faces in bioethics in secular pluralistic society, and how to overcome these. By doing that, this book fills an important gap in bioethics literature. Contents......Page 6 About the Authors......Page 8 Chapter 1: Introduction: Normativity in Context......Page 11 References......Page 14 Part I: Normative Bioethics in Religious Traditions......Page 16 Chapter 2: Introduction to Part I: Normative Bioethics in Religious Traditions......Page 17 Chapter 3: Normativity in Islamic Bioethics......Page 20 3.1 Introduction......Page 21 3.2 Methods and Sources of Islamic Normative System......Page 23 3.3 Reason vs. Holy Scripture: A Historical Debate......Page 26 3.4 Rationality vs. Traditional Jurisprudence: A Modern Debate......Page 28 3.5 Four Approaches to Normativity in Islam......Page 29 3.6 A Case Study: The Iranian Model of Kidney Transplantation......Page 31 Suggested Readings......Page 34 References......Page 35 Chapter 4: Advancing Death? Discourse and Authority in Judaic Bioethics......Page 37 4.1 Introduction......Page 38 4.2 Structural Problems......Page 39 4.3 Conversing Problems......Page 41 4.4 Advancing Problems......Page 48 4.5 Boundary Problems......Page 52 4.6 Concluding Reflections......Page 53 On Jewish Bioethics:......Page 54 On Jewish views of Euthanasia:......Page 55 Chapter 5: Using the Imagination in Normative Moral Reasoning Around the Principle of Double Effect to Foster Doctrinal Development in Catholic Bioethics......Page 56 5.2.1 Principle of Double Effect......Page 57 5.2.2 The Phoenix Case......Page 58 5.3.1 Imagination & Moral Normativity......Page 60 5.3.2 Imagination & Doctrinal Development......Page 62 5.4.1 Inference and Certitude......Page 65 5.4.2 Personal Conscience & Church Tradition......Page 71 5.5 Conclusion......Page 76 References......Page 77 Chapter 6: Normative Bioethics in Hinduism......Page 80 6.2 Defining Hinduism and Hindu Ethics......Page 81 6.3 Hindu Bioethics as Virtue Ethics......Page 86 6.4 Hindu Bioethics as Deontological Ethics......Page 91 6.5 Hindu Bioethics as Based on Saṃskāras......Page 94 6.6 Conclusion......Page 96 References......Page 97 7.1 Introduction......Page 99 7.2 Buddhist Naturalism: How the Goal Is Justified......Page 101 7.3 Comparisons with Other Theories......Page 104 7.4 Different Views in Buddhist Ethics: How Should Euthanasia Be Understood?......Page 106 7.5 How to Deal with Differences in Buddhism?......Page 108 7.6 Buddhist Pragmatism......Page 112 7.7 Conclusion......Page 115 Buddhist Ethics in General......Page 116 Buddhist Bioethics......Page 117 Part II: Normativity at Crossroads......Page 118 Chapter 8: Introduction to Part II: Normativity at Crossroads......Page 119 9.1 Introduction......Page 121 9.2 Analogy – Snorkelling in the Rhine......Page 123 9.3 Models for Relating Empirical Research to Normative Ethics......Page 124 9.4 Identifying the Contribution of Empirical Research to Normative Decision-Making, and Vice-Versa......Page 125 9.4.2 Describing the Problem......Page 126 9.4.3 Effects and Alternatives......Page 127 9.5 Conclusion......Page 128 References......Page 129 10.1 Human Rights......Page 132 10.2 Implications for Global Bioethics......Page 134 10.3 Normativity in Global Bioethics......Page 135 10.4 Normativity in Theory and Practice......Page 139 10.4.2 Enlarged Repertoire of Practices......Page 140 10.5 Normativity as Dialectics......Page 141 References......Page 143 11.1 Introduction......Page 145 11.2 Ethical Diversity in the Healthcare Setting......Page 147 11.3 Overcoming Relativism......Page 150 11.4 Incorporating Plurality and Dissent......Page 153 Suggested Readings......Page 155 References......Page 156 Chapter 12: Narrative Authority: A Key to Culturally Competent Healthcare......Page 157 12.1 Introduction......Page 158 12.2 Recognizing and Accepting Cultural Differences......Page 159 12.2.1 Globalization and Its Impact......Page 160 12.2.2 Cultural Insensitivity......Page 163 12.2.3 Imposition and Effect of Western Colonialism......Page 166 12.3 Knowledge and Insights to Become Culturally Competent Healthcare......Page 169 12.3.1 Understanding the Patient-Level Disparities......Page 170 12.3.2 Explanatory Model of Illness and Conceptualization of Illness......Page 174 12.4 Actions to Create a Culturally Competent Healthcare System by Practicing Narrative Authority......Page 178 12.4.1 Narrative Authority......Page 179 12.4.2 Prioritize the Patient......Page 182 12.4.3 Practice Effective Communication......Page 184 12.4.4 Ensure Education, Ongoing Training and Development......Page 188 12.5 Conclusion......Page 190 Suggested Readings......Page 191 References......Page 192 13.1 The Samoan......Page 195 13.2 “Just Who Do You Think You Are?”......Page 196 13.3 The Case......Page 198 13.4 Korsgaard’s Account of Normativity......Page 200 13.5 Cohen’s ‘Mafioso’ Objection......Page 201 13.6 From Practical Identity to Social Role......Page 202 13.7 The Psychologist’s Culpability......Page 204 13.8 Reflections......Page 207 Suggested Readings......Page 208 References......Page 209