Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice

Description

Master the essentials of basic radiographic procedures and understand your role as a limited practitioner. Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice, Third Edition, covers all the content areas mandated by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) curriculum, including x-ray technology and techniques, anatomy, pathology and positioning, radiation safety, patient care, and other clinical skills you may be required to perform. This easy-to-read text will help you prepare for the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) Limited Scope Exam and build a foundation for success in clinical practice. Front cover Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice Copyright page Review Board Preface Content and Organization Features Simplified Concepts Special Icons Step-by-Step Procedures Learning Objectives, Key Terms, Glossary New to This Edition ARRT Limited Scope of Practice in Radiography Examination New Content Learning Aids for the Student Workbook and Licensure Examination Prep for Radiography Essentials for Limited Practice Teaching Aids for the Instructor Lesson Plans Evolve Table of Contents I Introduction to Limited Radiography 1 Role of the Limited X-ray Machine Operator Learning Objectives Key Terms Radiography American Society of Radiologic Technologists American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology Limited X-Ray Machine Operator Certification ARRT Limited Scope Examination Bone Densitometry Work Environment Typical Duties of A Limited X-Ray Machine Operator Summary 2 Introduction to Radiographic Equipment Learning Objectives Key Terms Primary X-Ray Beam Scatter Radiation Image Receptor System X-Ray Room Positioning of the X-Ray Tube Collimator Radiographic Table Upright Cassette Holder Control Console Transformer Cabinet Podiatric Radiology Fundamental Radiation Safety Summary 3 Basic Mathematics for Limited Operators Learning Objectives Key Terms Fundamental Mathematical Principles Terminology Fractions and Decimals Fractions Decimals Practice Problems Using Fractions and Decimals Percentages Practice Problems Using Percentages Equations Ratios and Proportions Practice Problems Involving Equations Exponents and Square Roots Exponents Square Roots Practice Problems Involving Exponents and Square Roots Measurement Units and Their Conversion Metric System English System Conversions Between Measurement Units Units of Time Units of Temperature Practice Problems Using Measurement Units Mathematics Applied to Radiography Milliampere-Seconds Practice Problems Involving Milliampere-Seconds Source–Image Receptor Distance and Radiation Intensity Practice Problems Involving Distance Changes Exposure Adjustments for Patient Size Alteration of Kilovoltage for Patient Part Size Changes Alteration of Milliampere-Seconds for Patient Part Size Changes Practice Problems Involving Patient Part Size Changes Alteration of Contrast with Kilovoltage: the 15% Rule Practice Problems Using the 15% Rule Medication Dosage Calculations Practice Problems Calculating Medication Dosage Summary II X-ray Science 4 Basic Physics for Radiography Learning Objectives Key Terms Matter Atoms Elements Ionization Energy Electromagnetic Energy Characteristics of X-Rays Electricity Electric Units Electric Circuits Direct Current and Alternating Current Electromagnetic Induction and Transformers Summary 5 X-ray Production Learning Objectives Key Terms X-Ray Tube Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic Radiation Bremsstrahlung Radiation Characteristic Radiation Characteristics of the Cathode and the Anode Cathode Anode Line Focus Principle Anode Heel Effect Electric Control of X-Ray Production Kilovoltage Milliamperage Exposure Time Milliampere-Seconds X-Ray Beam Filtration Summary 6 X-ray Circuit and Tube Heat Management Learning Objectives Key Terms X-Ray Circuit Low-Voltage Circuit Filament Circuit High-Voltage Circuit Rectification Half-Wave Rectification Full-Wave Rectification Generators Single-Phase Generators Three-Phase Generators High-Frequency Generators X-Ray Control Panel Power Control Milliamperage Control Exposure Time Control Kilovoltage Control Bucky Control Manual Exposure Control Automatic Exposure Control Anatomically Programmed Radiography Control Exposure Controls Prolonging X-Ray Tube Life Summary 7 Principles of Exposure and Image Quality Learning Objectives Key Terms Prime Factors of Radiographic Exposure Milliamperage Exposure Time Milliampere-Seconds Kilovoltage Source–Image Receptor Distance Photographic and Geometric Factors Density Contrast Radiographic Distortion Size Distortion Shape Distortion Spatial resolution Geometric Factors Motion Quantum Mottle Summary 8 Digital Imaging Learning Objectives Key Terms Digital Imaging Computed Radiography Digital Radiography Digital Images Functions of the Processing System Image Manipulation Shuttering Image Stitching Image Annotation Edge Enhancement Exposure Technique Charts Exposure Indicators Fuji, Philips, and Konica Systems Carestream Agfa Postprocessing DICOM and Health Level-7 Artifacts Picture Archival and Communication Systems Technical Considerations for Everyday Use Patient ID Kilovoltage Part Centering Split Cassettes Overexposure and Underexposure Collimation Open Cassettes Grids Display Monitor Quality Assurance Markers Summary 9 Scatter Radiation and Its Control Learning Objectives Key Terms Radiation Interactions with Matter Coherent Scattering Compton Effect Photoelectric Effect Radiographic Effect of Scatter Radiation Factors Affecting Quantity of Scatter Radiation Fog Volume of Tissue Kilovoltage Density of Absorbing Matter Field Size Controlling Scatter Radiation Fog Grids Grid Cutoff Specialty Grids Field Size and Collimation Collimator and Central Ray Alignment Decreasing Kilovoltage Summary 10 Formulating X-ray Techniques Learning Objectives Key Terms Technique Charts Patient Measurement Fixed Kilovoltage Vs. Variable Kilovoltage Optimum Kilovoltage Criteria for Milliamperage Selection Calculating Exposure Time Technique Chart “failure” Adjustment of Techniques Variations in Patient/Part Size Pediatric Techniques Obese Patient Techniques Alteration of Radiographic Density Alteration of Contrast Levels The 15% Rule Variations in Source–Image Receptor Distance Compensating Filters Placement Summary 11 Radiobiology and Radiation Safety Learning Objectives Key Terms Radiation Measurement Unit of Exposure Unit of Absorbed Dose Unit of Equivalent Dose Estimation of Dose from X-ray Exposure Factors Biologic Effects of Radiation Exposure Cellular Response Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau Classification of Radiation Effects Short-Term Somatic Effects Long-Term Somatic Effects Genetic Effects Comparative Risks Radiation Safety Patient Protection Gonad Shielding Personnel Safety Time, Distance, Shielding Quality Control: Aprons and Gloves Personnel Monitoring Effective Dose Limits Radiation and Pregnancy Summary III Radiographic Anatomy, Positioning, and Pathology 12 Introduction to Anatomy, Positioning, and Pathology Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Cells Tissues Organ Systems Integumentary Muscular Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Skeletal Structure of Bone Projections Depressions Joints Joint Movements Radiographic Positioning Body Positions Radiographic Positions Radiographic Projections Radiographic Procedures Image Receptor Selection Cassette–Based Image Receptor Orientation Collimation Exposure Field Placement on Each Image Receptor Alignment of Tube, Body Part, and Image Receptor Radiographic Markers Patient Instructions Imaging the Obese Patient Pathology Disease Identification Disease Classification Structural vs. Functional Disease Hereditary and Congenital Disease Acute vs. Chronic Disease Classification by Cause Classification by Disease Process Summary 13 Upper Limb and Shoulder Girdle Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Fingers and Thumb Hand Wrist Forearm Humerus Shoulder Girdle Positioning and Radiographic Examinations Hand Routine Examination IR: Grid: Source–image receptor distance (SID): Body position: Part position: PA: PA oblique: Lateral: Central ray: PA and PA oblique: Lateral: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Fingers Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: PA: PA oblique: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Thumb Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP: PA oblique and lateral: Part position: AP: PA oblique: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Alternative Thumb Projection: PA Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Wrist Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: PA: PA oblique: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections IR: AP Oblique Projection—Medial Rotation Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: PA Projection—Ulnar Deviation Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: PA Axial Projection (Stecher Method) Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Tangential Projection (Gaynor-Hart Method) Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Forearm Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Elbow Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Alternative Positions for AP Projections IR: AP Elbow, Proximal Forearm Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: AP Elbow, Distal Humerus Body position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections IR: AP Oblique—Lateral Rotation Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: AP Oblique—Medial Rotation Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Humerus Routine Examination Humerus (Upright Patient) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Humerus (Recumbent Patient) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Shoulder Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: External rotation: Internal rotation: Patient instruction: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Compensating Filter: Additional Shoulder Projection AP Oblique Projection (Grashey Method) IR: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Alternate Examination for Acute Shoulder Injury IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Transthoracic lateral: PA oblique (scapular Y): Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: AP and PA oblique: Transthoracic lateral: Structures seen: Clavicle Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Upright: Recumbent: Part position: Central ray: PA or AP: PA axial: AP axial: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Scapula Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Upright lateral: Recumbent lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Acromioclavicular Joints Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: First exposure (no weights): Second exposure (weights): Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Pathology Common Fractures Other Trauma Conditions Nontraumatic Conditions Summary 14 Lower Limb and Pelvis Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Foot and Toes Ankle, Lower Leg, Knee, and Femur Pelvis and Hip Positioning and Radiographic Examinations Toes Routine Examination IR: Grid: Source—image receptor distance (SID): Body position: Part position: AP axial: AP: AP oblique: Lateral: Central ray: AP axial: AP, AP oblique, lateral: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Sesamoids Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Foot Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP axial: AP oblique: Lateral: Central ray: AP axial: AP oblique and lateral: Collimation: AP axial and AP oblique: Lateral: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Compensating filter: Podiatry Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP axial: AP axial oblique (medial rotation): AP axial oblique (lateral rotation): Lateral: Central ray: AP axial: AP axial obliques: Lateral: Collimation: AP axial and AP axial obliques: Lateral: Patient instructions: Structures seen: Calcaneus Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Axial (plantodorsal): Lateral: Part position: Axial (plantodorsal): Lateral: Central ray: Axial (plantodorsal): Lateral: Collimation: Axial (plantodorsal): Lateral: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Ankle Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP and AP obliques: Lateral: Part position: AP: AP oblique (medial rotation): AP oblique (medial rotation—mortise joint): Lateral: Central ray: AP and AP obliques: Lateral: Collimation: AP and AP obliques: Lateral: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lower Leg Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP: Lateral: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient Instruction: Structures seen: Knee Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP: Lateral: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: AP: Lateral: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Alternative Projection Body position: Part position: Central ray: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections PA Axial Projections of the Intercondylar Fossa (“Tunnel”) PA Axial Projection—Holmblad Method Body and part position: Central ray: Structures seen: PA Axial Projection—Camp-Coventry Method Body and part position: Central ray: Structures seen: Tangential (“Sunrise”) Projection of the Patella—Settegast Method Position: Central ray: Structures seen: Femur Routine Examination Distal Femur IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP: Lateral: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Proximal Femur IR: Grid: SID: Body position: AP: Lateral: Part position: AP: Lateral: Central ray: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Pelvis Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: IR placement: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Hip Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: Lateral (“frog-leg” position): Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Alternative Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Pathology Common Fractures Nontraumatic Conditions Summary 15 Spine Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Cervical Spine Thoracic Spine Lumbar Spine Sacrum and Coccyx Positioning and Radiographic Examinations Cervical Spine Routine Examination AP Axial Projection (Lower Cervical Spine) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: AP Projection/Open Mouth Technique (Upper Cervical Spine) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection (Grandy Method) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections Lateral Projection in Flexion and Extension IR: Grid: SID: Position for flexion: Position for extension: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Oblique Projections IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: AP obliques: PA obliques: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection of Cervicothoracic Region IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Compensating Filter: Thoracic Spine Routine Examination AP Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Compensating Filter: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lumbar Spine Routine Examination AP or PA Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: PA: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Recumbent: Upright: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections AP Oblique Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Recumbent: Upright: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection of L5-S1 Lumbosacral Junction IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lumbar Spine and Sacroiliac Joints AP Axial Projection of Lumbosacral Junction and Sacroiliac Joints IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Structures seen: Sacroiliac Joints Routine Examination AP Oblique Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP obliques (RPO, LPO positions): PA obliques (RAO, LAO positions): Central ray: AP obliques: PA obliques: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: AP obliques: PA obliques: Sacrum Routine Examination AP Axial Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Recumbent: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Coccyx Routine Examination AP Axial Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Full Spine PA or AP Projection (Frank, et al Method) IR: Grid: SID: Position: Central ray: Shielding: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Compensating filter: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Position: Shielding: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Compensating Filter: Pathology Congenital Anomalies Spinal Fractures Spondylosis, Spondylitis, Spondylolysis, Spondylolisthesis, and Spondyloschisis Disk Pathology Remote Symptoms of Spine Pathology Summary 16 Bony Thorax, Chest, and Abdomen Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Bony Thorax Cavities of the Trunk Chest Respiratory System Abdomen Alimentary Canal Other Digestive System Organs Body Habitus Positioning and Radiographic Examinations Chest Routine Examination IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: PA: Lateral: Central ray: PA: Lateral: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections AP or PA Projection (Lateral Decubitus Position) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Chest (Lung Apices) AP Axial Projection (Lordotic Position) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Ribs Routine Examination Upper Posterior Ribs: AP and AP Oblique Projections IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: AP oblique: Central ray: AP: AP oblique: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Upper Anterior Ribs: PA and PA Oblique Projections IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: PA: PA oblique: Central ray: PA: PA oblique: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lower Posterior Ribs: AP and AP Oblique Projections IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: AP: AP oblique: Central ray: AP: AP oblique: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Abdomen Routine Examination AP Projection (Supine Position) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections AP Projection (Upright Position) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: AP Projection (Left Lateral Decubitus Position) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Pathology Bony Thorax Air-Fluid Levels Chest Abdomen Summary 17 Skull, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses Learning Objectives Key Terms Anatomy Cranium Facial Bones Paranasal Sinuses Positioning and Radiographic Examinations Cranium Routine Examination PA and PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) IR: Grid: Source-Image Receptor Distance (SID): Body position: Part position: Central ray: PA: PA axial (Caldwell method): Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: AP Axial Projection (Towne Method) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Alternative Projections AP and AP Axial (“Reverse” Caldwell Method) Projections IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: AP: AP axial (“reverse” Caldwell method): Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: PA Axial Projection (Haas Method) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Supplemental Projection Submentovertical Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Facial Bones Routine Examination PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method) Structures seen: Parietoacanthial Projection (Waters Method) IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection IR: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Supplemental Projections Verticosubmental Projection of Zygomatic Arches IR: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Lateral Projection of Nasal Bones IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Mandible Routine Examination PA Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: Axiolateral Projection IR: Grid: SID: Body position: Part position: Central ray: Collimation: Patient instruction: Structures seen: AP Axial Projection IR: Central ray: Collimation: Structures seen: Paranasal Sinuses Routine Examination Part position: Central ray: Structures seen: Pathology Trauma Nontraumatic Conditions Summary 18 Radiography of Pediatric and Geriatric Patients Learning Objectives Key Terms Pediatrics Communication Neonate and Infant (Birth to 1 Year) Toddler (1 to 2 Years) Preschooler (3 to 5 Years) School Age (6 to 12 Years) Adolescent (13 to 18 Years) Parents in the X-ray Room Immobilization Commercial Immobilization Devices Noncommercial Devices and Methods for Immobilization Pediatric Radiographic Procedures Pediatric Anatomy Formulation of Techniques for Pediatric Exposures Pediatric Pathology Geriatrics Communication Hearing Loss Failing Vision Impaired Mental Function Physical Changes That Accompany Aging Formulation of Techniques for Geriatric Exposures Geriatric Pathology Summary 19 Image Evaluation Learning Objectives Key Term Viewing Radiographs Viewing Conditions Image Orientation Systematic Image Review Image Identification and markers Anatomy and Positioning Errors Exclusion of Significant Anatomy Incorrect Positioning Exposure Factors Radiographic Density or Brightness Problems Radiographic Contrast Problems Lack of Spatial Resolution (Detail) Esthetic Quality Radiation Safety Factors Collimation Shielding Troubleshooting Repeating Radiographs Summary Review IV Professionalism and Patient Care 20 Ethics, Legal Considerations, and Professionalism Learning Objectives Key Terms Ethics, Morals, and Values Standards of Ethics for Radiography American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Code of Ethics Ethical Judgments and Conflicts Patient Rights Considerate and Respectful Care A Clean and Safe Environment Information Confidentiality Refusal of Treatment or Examination Informed Consent Legal Considerations Violations of Local and Institutional Standards Intentional Misconduct Negligence and Malpractice Projecting a Professional Attitude Self-Care Job Satisfaction Appearance Teamwork Empathetic Care Care of Supplies and Equipment Continuing Education Professional Communication Nonverbal Communication Eye Contact Touching Verbal Communication Listening Skills Validation of Communication Communication Under Stress Communication with Patients Special Circumstances in Communications Deafness Blindness Impaired Mental Function Communication with Patients’ Families Communication with Co-workers Issues of Cultural Diversity Non–English-Speaking Patients Scope of Diversity Culturally Significant Attitudes That May Impact Communication How Cultural Issues May Affect Care Professional Responsibility and Ethics in Relation to Diversity Medical Information and Records Charting Chart as a Resource Medical Recording by Limited Operators Medical Recording on Computers Diagnostic Images as Records Summary 21 Safety and Infection Control Learning Objectives Key Terms Hazard Control Fire Prevention Preparedness In Case of Fire Fire Extinguishers Electric Shock Falls and Collision Accidents Spills Workplace Safety Ergonomics Body Mechanics Assisting Patients With Positions and Movements Body Positions Support and Padding Assisting Patients to Change Position Assisting Patients to Move About Lifting Patients from Wheelchairs Immobilization Accidents and Incident Reports Infection Control Cycle of Infection Infectious Agents Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Fungi Prions Reservoir of Infection Susceptible Host Disease Transmission Direct Contact Fomites Vectors Vehicles Airborne Contamination Droplet Contamination Infectious Diseases Disease Information Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Hepatitis Managing Occupational Exposures to Blood-Borne Pathogens Tuberculosis Health Care–Associated Infections Preventing Disease Transmission Standard Precautions Medical Asepsis Hand Hygiene Housekeeping Handling Linens Handling and Disposal of Contaminated Items and Waste Surgical Asepsis Sterilization Sterile Fields Gloving Removing and Applying Dressings Summary 22 Assessing Patients and Managing Acute Situations Learning Objectives Key Terms Assessing the Personal Concerns of Patients Physiologic Needs Water Elimination Sanitary Supplies Taking a History Assessing Current Physical Status Establishing a Baseline Physical Evaluation Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Respirations Blood Pressure Blood Oxygen Saturation Acute Situations Emergency Supplies and Equipment Oxygen and Suction Oxygen Administration Suction Respiratory Emergencies Reactive Airway Disease Airway Obstruction Cardiac Emergencies Angina Pectoris Heart Attack Cardiac Arrest Trauma Head Injuries Extremity Fractures Wounds Medical Emergencies Drug Reactions Diabetic Emergencies Cerebrovascular Accidents Seizure Disorders Hyperventilation Vertigo and Postural Hypotension Epistaxis Nausea and Vomiting Shock Summary V Ancillary Clinical Skills 23 Medications and Their Administration Learning Objectives Key Terms The Limited Operator’s Role in Medication Administration Medication Nomenclature and Information Resources Routes of Medication Administration Frequently Used Medications Antiallergic Medications Antimicrobial Medications Analgesics Sedatives and Tranquilizers Antagonists Local Anesthetics Hypoglycemic Agents Antihypertensives Medication Properties Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Medication Effects Medication Administration Preparation Dose Oral Administration Parenteral Administration Parenteral Equipment Preparation for Injection Parenteral Injection Procedure Assisting with Intravenous Injections and the Establishment of Intravenous Lines Monitoring Infusions Precautions for All Injections Charting of Medications Summary 24 Medical Laboratory Skills Learning Objectives Key Terms Standard Precautions Hand Hygiene Barrier Techniques Biohazardous Waste Disposal Venipuncture Equipment and Supplies Evacuated Blood Collection Tubes Needles Needle Holder Tourniquet Alcohol Wipes Gauze or Cotton Balls Bandage Biohazard Waste Receptacles Splash Shield Patient and Equipment Preparation Step-by-Step Venipuncture Procedure Common Problems Tube Does Not Fill with Blood Patient Feels Faint Urinalysis Equipment and Supplies Reagent Strips Collection Containers (Cups) Urinalysis Tubes Gauze Sponges and Cleansing Solution Specimen Collection Timing Technique of Collection Specimen Testing Macroscopic Examination Chemical Analysis Step-by-Step Reagent Strip Urinalysis Common Problems Collection and Handling Problems Unmatchable End-Point Color Multiple End-Point Colors Menstrual Blood Contamination Indications for Microscopic Examination Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests Summary 25 Additional Procedures for Assessment and Diagnosis Learning Objectives Key Terms Measuring Weight and Height Measuring Weight Measuring Height Vision Screening Tests Distance Vision Assessment Near Vision Assessment Color Perception Assessment Electrocardiography The Cardiac Impulse Electrocardiography Leads Electrocardiograph Paper and Standardization Types of Electrocardiography Machines Preparation for Electrocardiography Obtaining the Tracing Artifacts Preparing the Tracing for Interpretation and Storage Exercise Tolerance Testing Spirometry Equipment Patient Preparation and Testing Infection Control Summary 26 Bone Densitometry Learning Objectives Key Terms DXA versus conventional radiography Osteoporosis Primary and Secondary Osteoporosis Bone Biology and Remodeling Building and Maintaining Bone Physical and mathematical principles of DXA Pencil-Beam and Array-Beam (Fan-Beam) Systems Statistical measures in bone densitometry Performing Precision Assessment Procedure to Determine Precision Error for Each Operator BMD Comparison Between Facilities T-Scores and Z-Scores Radiation safety and protection Radiation Measurement Radiation Protection Concepts Related to DXA Scanning Computer Competency Scanner Quality Control Fracture risk models Baseline and serial scanning Baseline Scans Serial Scans Skeletal sites to measure DXA scan acquisition, image critique, and analysis DXA Scanning of the Lumbar Spine Routine Examination Preparation Positioning Aids Positioning and procedure details: PA lumbar spine scan Body position: Part position: Central ray/laser light placement: Scan field: Shielding: Patient instruction: Completing the procedure: Structures seen: Image critique (Fig. 26-11): Image analysis: PA lumbar spine scan Helpful hints: Scan Results: DXA Scanning of the Proximal Femur Routine Examination Preparation Positioning Aids Positioning and procedure details: proximal femur scan Body position: Part position: Central ray/laser light placement: Scan field: Shielding: Patient instruction: Completing the procedure: Structures seen: Image critique (Fig. 26-14): Image analysis: proximal femur scan Scan Results: Serial scanning of the proximal femur DXA Scanning of the Forearm Positioning and procedure details: forearm Image Critique (Fig. 26-16): Scan Results: Summary Definition of terms Appendix A State Licensure Information Appendix B The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists Rules of Ethics* Appendix C Solutions to Practice Problems in Chapter 3 Practice Problems Using Fractions and Decimals Practice Problems Using Percentages Practice Solving Equations Practice Problems Involving Exponents and Square Roots Practice Problems Using Measurement Units Solving Milliampere-Second Problems Practice Problems Involving Distance Changes Practice Problems Involving Patient Part Size Changes Practice Problems Using the 15% Rule Practice Problems Calculating Medication Dosage Appendix D Sample Manual X-ray Technique Charts Appendix E Optimum Kilovoltage (kVp) Ranges Appendix F Milliampere-seconds (mAs) Table Appendix G Nomogram for Determining Patient Skin Dose from X-ray Exposure Appendix H Screen/Film Image Receptor Systems* Key Terms Cassettes Intensifying Screens Screen Construction Screen Speed Screen Speed vs. Recorded Detail Screen Phosphors Screen Care and Cleaning Film-Screen Contact Radiographic Film Film Construction Film Storage Film Characteristics and Types Summary Appendix I X-ray Darkroom and Film Processing* Key Terms Darkroom Safelights Safelight Testing Film Bin Film Identification Pass Box Film Handling Automatic Film Processors Transport System Automatic Processing Chemistry Replenishment of Automatic Processing Chemicals Recirculation Water System Dryer Processor Operation and Maintenance Processor Quality Control Setting Up a Quality Control System Monitoring Processor Performance Artifacts Cassette and Screen Artifacts Film-Handling Artifacts Automatic Processing Artifacts Summary Appendix J Usual Projections for Routine Examinations Appendix K Evaluation of Sample Images from Chapter 19 Review Image No. 1, FIG. 19-20 Review Image No. 2, FIG. 19-21 Review Image No. 3, FIG. 19-22 Review Image No. 4, FIG. 19-23 Review Image No. 5, FIG. 19-24 Review Image No. 6, FIG. 19-25 Appendix L Charting Terms and Abbreviations Appendix M Task Inventory for Limited Scope of Practice in Radiography Illustration Credits Courtesies Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z