Great Events from History: The 18th century, 1701-1800

Description

In The 18th Century, the essays cover the world's most important events and developments - from 1701 through 1800 - in the century that witnessed the world's transition to a modern industrial and scientific society. Events covered include the obligatory geopolitical events of the era - from the War of the Spanish Succession through the American and French Revolutions, from the collapse of the South Sea Bubble to the rise of Napoleon. Also, however, the essays address key social and cultural developments in daily life: the expansion of the Atlantic slave trade; the Enlightenment in Europe; the excavation of Pompeii; the beginnings of the abolitionist movement in North America; the seeds of the woman suffrage movement; and the opening of Japan to foreign commerce and publications. Contents Publisher’s Note Contributors Keyword List of Contents List of Maps, Tables, and Sidebars Maps of the Eighteenth Century 1700’s 18th century, Expansion of the Atlantic Slave Trade c. 1701, Oman Captures Zanzibar 1701, Plumier Publishes L’Art de tourner 1701, Tull Invents the Seed Drill c. 1701-1721, Great Northern War c. 1701-1750, Bach Pioneers Modern Music February 4, 1701-February 4, 1703, Revenge of the Forty-Seven Ronin May 26, 1701-September 7, 1714, War of the Spanish Succession June 12, 1701, Act of Settlement July 9, 1701, Marsh Builds Ireland’s First Public Library 1702 or 1706, First Arabic Printing Press May 15, 1702-April 11, 1713, Queen Anne’s War July 24, 1702-October 1, 1704, Camisard Risings in the Cévennes 1703-1711, Hungarian Revolt Against Habsburg Rule May 27, 1703, Founding of St. Petersburg June 20, 1703, Chikamatsu Produces The Love Suicides at Sonezaki 1704, Newton Publishes Optics 1704-1712, Astronomy Wars in England 1704-1757, Javanese Wars of Succession August 13, 1704, Battle of Blenheim 1705, Halley Predicts the Return of a Comet 1705-1712, Newcomen Develops the Steam Engine February, 1706-April 28, 1707, Act of Union Unites England and Scotland March 23-26, 1708, Defeat of the “Old Pretender” 1709, Darby Invents Coke-Smelting c. 1709, Invention of the Piano 1709-1747, Persian-Afghan Wars June 27, 1709, Battle of Poltava September 11, 1709, Battle of Malplaquet 1710’s November 20, 1710-July 21, 1718, Ottoman Wars with Russia, Venice, and Austria March 1, 1711, Addison and Steele Establish The Spectator September 22, 1711-March 23, 1713, Tuscarora War December, 1711, Occasional Conformity Bill 1712, Philip V Founds the Royal Library of Spain 1712, Stamp Act , April 6, 1712, New York City Slave Revolt April 13-August 11, 1712, Second Villmergen War August, 1712, Maya Rebellion in Chiapas 1713, Founding of Louisbourg , April 11, 1713, Treaty of Utrecht August 3, 1713, Foundation of the Spanish Academy September 8, 1713, Papal Bull Unigenitus 1714, Fahrenheit Develops the Mercury Thermometer 1714- 1762, Quest for Longitude January 7, 1714, Mill Patents the Typewriter March 7, 1714, and September 7, 1714, Treaties of Rastatt and Baden Summer, 1714-1741, Fox Wars 1715-1737, Building of the Karlskirche September 6, 1715-February 4, 1716, Jacobite Rising in Scotland 1718, Bernoulli Publishes His Calculus of Variations 1718, Geoffroy Issues the Table of Reactivities 1718-1730, Tulip Age 1719-1724, Stukeley Studies Stonehenge and Avebury April 25, 1719, Defoe Publishes the First Novel 1720’s 1720, Financial Collapse of the John Law System May, 1720-December, 1721, Last Major Outbreak of Plague September, 1720, Collapse of the South Sea Bubble December, 1720, Japan Lifts Ban on Foreign Books 1721-1742, Development of Great Britain’s Office of Prime Minister 1721-1750, Early Enlightenment in France 1722, Réaumur Discovers Carbon’s Role in Hardening Steel April 5, 1722, European Discovery of Easter Island 1723, Stahl Postulates the Phlogiston Theory 1724, Foundation of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1725, Flamsteed’s Star Catalog Marks the Transition to Modern Astronomy 1725-November, 1794, Persian Civil Wars October, 1725, Vico Publishes The New Science 1726, Swift Satirizes English Rule of Ireland in Gulliver’s Travels 1726-1729, Voltaire Advances Enlightenment Thought in Europe May, 1727-1733, Jansenist “Convulsionnaires” Gather at Saint-Médard October 21, 1727, Treaty of Kiakhta January 29, 1728, Gay Produces the First Ballad Opera July, 1728-1769, Russian Voyages to Alaska 1729, Gray Discovers Principles of Electric Conductivity November 9, 1729, and February, 1732, Treaty of Seville 1730’s 1730-1739, First Maroon War c. 1732, Society of Dilettanti Is Established June 20, 1732, Settlement of Georgia December 7, 1732, Covent Garden Theatre Opens in London 1733, De Moivre Describes the Bell-Shaped Curve 1733, Du Fay Discovers Two Kinds of Electric Charge 1733, Kay Invents the Flying Shuttle October 10, 1733-October 3, 1735, War of the Polish Succession November 23, 1733, Slaves Capture St. John’s Island 1735, Hadley Describes Atmospheric Circulation Beginning 1735, Linnaeus Creates the Binomial System of Classification May, 1735-1743, French Scientists Explore the Amazon River August 4, 1735, Trial of John Peter Zenger 1736, Gentleman"s Magazine Initiates Parliamentary Reporting 1736-1739, Russo-Austrian War Against the Ottoman Empire 1737, Revival of the Paris Salon September 19, 1737, Walking Purchase 1738, Bernoulli Proposes the Kinetic Theory of Gases May 15, 1738, Foundation of St. Petersburg’s Imperial Ballet School November 18, 1738, Treaty of Vienna 1739-1740, Hume Publishes A Treatise of Human Nature 1739-1741, War of Jenkins’s Ear 1739-1742, First Great Awakening September 9, 1739, Stono Rebellion September 18, 1739, Treaty of Belgrade 1740’s 1740, Maclaurin’s Gravitational Theory 1740-1741, Richardson’s Pamela Establishes the Modem Novel May 31, 1740, Accession of Frederick the Great October 20, 1740, Maria Theresa Succeeds to the Austrian Throne December 16, 1740-November 7, 1748, War of the Austrian Succession 1741, Leadhills Reading Society Promotes Literacy 1742, Celsius Proposes an International Fixed Temperature Scale 1742, Fielding’s Joseph Andrews Satirizes English Society April 13, 1742, First Performance of Handel’s Messiah 1743-1744, D’Alembert Develops His Axioms of Motion January 24, 1744-August 31, 1829, Dagohoy Rebellion in the Philippines 1745, Lomonosov Issues the First Catalog of Minerals August 19, 1745-September 20, 1746, Jacobite Rebellion October, 1745, and January, 1746, Invention of the Leyden Jar 1746, Roebuck Develops the Lead-Chamber Process 1746, Zahir al-TJmar Creates a Stronghold in Galilee 1746-1754, Carnatic Wars 1746-1755, Johnson Creates the First Modern English Dictionary 1747, Marggraf Extracts Sugar from Beets 1748, Agnesi Publishes Analytical Institutions 1748, Bradley Discovers the Nutation of Earth’s Axis 1748, Euler Develops the Concept of Function 1748, Excavation of Pompeii 1748, Montesquieu Publishes The Spirit of the Laws 1748, Nollet Discovers Osmosis - 1748-1755, Construction of Istanbul’s Nur-u Osmaniye Complex October 18, 1748, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1749-1789, First Comprehensive Examination of the Natural World June 10, 1749, Sacid Becomes Ruler of Oman 1750’s 1750, Treaty of Madrid 1750- 1792, China Consolidates Control over Tibet March 20, 1750-March 14, 1752, Johnson Issues The Rambler 1751, Maupertuis Provides Evidence of “Hereditary Particles” 1751-1772, Diderot Publishes the Encyclopedia 1752-March, 1756, Mayer’s Lunar Tables Enable Mariners to Determine Longitude at Sea 1752-1760, Alaungpaya Unites Burma June, 1752, Franklin Demonstrates the Electrical Nature of Lightning 1753, Lind Discovers a Cure for Scurvy 1754, Biisching Publishes A New System of Geography 1754, Condillac Defends Sensationalist Theory May 28, 1754-February 10, 1763, French and Indian War June 19-July 10, 1754, Albany Congress June 5, 1755, Black Identifies Carbon Dioxide July, 1755-August, 1758, Acadians Are Expelled from Canada November 1, 1755, Great Lisbon Earthquake January, 1756-February 15, 1763, Seven Years’ War 1757, Monro Distinguishes Between Lymphatic and Blood Systems 1757-1766, Haller Establishes Physiology as a Science June 23, 1757, Battle of Plassey November 5, 1757, Battle of Rossbach June 8-July 27, 1758, Siege of Louisbourg July 27, 1758, Helvétius Publishes De Vesprit 1759, Aepinus Publishes Essay on the Theory of Electricity and Magnetism 1759, Charles III Gains the Spanish Throne 1759, Wedgwood Founds a Ceramics Firm 1759-1766, Construction of the Bridgewater Canal January, 1759, Voltaire Satirizes Optimism in Candide January 19, 1759-August 16, 1773, Suppression of the Jesuits October5, 1759-November 19, 1761, Cherokee War 1760’s 1760’s, Beginning of Selective Livestock Breeding 1760-1776, Caribbean Slave Rebellions : 1762, The Antiquities of Athens Prompts Architectural Neoclassicism January, 1762-November, 1766, Mozart Tours Europe as a Child Prodigy April, 1762, Rousseau Publishes The Social Contract October 5, 1762, First Performance of Gluck’s Orfeo and Euridice 1763, Bayes Advances Probability Theory 1763-1767, Famine in Southern Italy February 10, 1763, Peace of Paris Beginning April, 1763, The North Briton Controversy May 8, 1763-July 24, 1766, Pontiac’s Resistance August, 1763-April, 1765, David Garrick’s European Tour September 10, 1763, Publication of the Freeman's Journal October 7, 1763, Proclamation of 1763 December 14 and 27, 1763, Paxton Boys’ Massacres 1764, Invention of the Spinning Jenny July, 1764, Voltaire Publishes A Philosophical Dictionary for the Pocket 1765-1769, Watt Develops a More Effective Steam Engine March 22, 1765-March 18, 1766, Stamp Act Crisis February 24, 1766, Lorraine Becomes Part of France November 12, 1766, First American Theater Opens in Philadelphia December 5, 1766-March 16, 1769, Bougainville Circumnavigates the Globe 1767-1768, Spallanzani Disproves Spontaneous Generation 1767-1771, Invention of the Water Frame June 29, 1767-April 12, 1770, Townshend Crisis August, 1767-May, 1799, Anglo-Mysore Wars August 10, 1767, Catherine the Great’s Instruction 1768-May 16, 1771, Carolina Regulator Movements August 25, 1768-February 14, 1779, Voyages of Captain Cook October, 1768-January 9, 1792, Ottoman Wars with Russia October 30, 1768, Methodist Church Is Established in Colonial America December, 1768-January 10, 1773, Bruce Explores Ethiopia December 10, 1768, Britain’s Royal Academy of Arts Is Founded 1769, Pombal Reforms the Inquisition July 17, 1769-1824, Rise of the California Missions September, 1769-1778, Siamese-Vietnamese War October 23, 1769, Cugnot Demonstrates His Steam-Powered Road Carriage 1770’s 1770, Publication of Holbach’s The System of Nature March 5, 1770, Boston Massacre 1771, Woulfe Discovers Picric Acid 1771-1802, Vietnamese Civil Wars August 5, 1772-October 24, 1795, Partitioning of Poland 1773, Goethe Inaugurates the Sturm und Drang Movement 1773-1788, African American Baptist Church Is Founded September, 1773-September, 1774, Pugachev’s Revolt “ December 16, 1773, Boston Tea Party x 1774, Hansard Begins Reporting Parliamentary Debates April 27-October 10, 1774, Lord Dunmore’s War May 20, 1774, Quebec Act July 21, 1774, Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji August 1, 1774, Priestley Discovers Oxygen September 5-October 26, 1774, First Continental Congress