Ophthalmology Clerkship: A Guide for Senior Medical Students

Description

This quick-reference guide is the first book written specifically for the many third- and fourth-year medical students rotating on the ophthalmology service. The book focuses on the diagnosis and management of the most common pathologic entities. Each chapter covers history, physical examination, imaging, and common diagnoses. For each diagnosis, the book sets out the typical presentation, options for non-operative and operative management, and expected outcomes. Chapters include key illustrations, quick-reference charts, tables, diagrams, and bulleted lists. Students can read the text from cover to cover to gain a general foundation of knowledge that can be built upon when they begin their rotation, then use specific chapters to review a sub-specialty before starting a new rotation or seeing a patient with a sub-specialty attending. Topics covered include glaucoma, cataracts, retinal tears, macular degeneration, ptosis, strabismus, thyroid eye disease, and much more. Practical and user-friendly, Ophthalmology Clerkship is the ideal, on-the-spot resource for medical students and practitioners seeking fast facts on diagnosis and management. Its bullet-pointed outline format makes it a perfect quick reference, and its content breadth covers the most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Preface Contents Abbreviations Contributors Chapter 1: Overview of Anatomy Ocular Adnexa [1, 2] Eyelid Nasolacrimal System Orbit [1, 2] Bones Extraocular Muscles Globe [2] Conjunctiva Tenon’s Capsule Sclera Cornea Anterior Chamber Uvea Lens Vitreous Retina Introduction to Clinical Optics [3] References Chapter 2: Comprehensive Eye Exam Ocular Vital Signs Visual Acuity Snellen Chart [1, 2] Pupils Pupillary Light Reflex [2] Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Goldmann Applanation Tonometer Instructions [2] Common Handheld Tonometers Tono-Pen [2] iCare Tonometer [2] Perkins Tonometer Noncontact Tonometer Visual Field Visual Field Testing Confrontation Testing [1, 2] Amsler Grid [1, 2] Tangent Screen [1, 2] Hemisphere Perimeters [1, 2] Anterior Segment Slit-Lamp Examination (SLE) Introduction General Considerations Positioning [3] Eyelids and Conjunctiva [2, 3] Cornea [1] Fluorescein Examination for Corneal Epithelial Defects [1] Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT) [1] Anterior Chamber [2, 3] Iris [1, 3] Lens [3] Posterior Segment Direct Ophthalmoscopy Overview Examination [1] Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Overview Headset Adjustment Lens Position and Examination [2] Scleral Depression [1, 2] References Chapter 3: Oculoplastics and Periocular Oncology Anatomy Orbit Anatomy [1, 2] Eyelid Anatomy [1, 2] Lacrimal System Anatomy [3] Ptosis [3] Blepharoptosis Ptosis Evaluation [3] Ptosis Repair [3, 4] Lower Eyelid Malposition [3] Ectropion Entropion Eyelid Lesions [3, 5, 6] Evaluation of Periocular Neoplasms Benign Lesions of the Eyelid Malignant Lesions of the Eyelid [3, 5, 6] Epiphora [3] Overview Evaluation Management Trauma Eyelid Lacerations Orbital Fractures [7] Thyroid Eye Disease [8–10] Overview Diagnosis Management Orbital Infections Management Eye Removal References Chapter 4: Anterior Segment: Cornea, Anterior Chamber, and Lens Cornea [1–10] Introduction Anatomy Epithelium Bowman’s Layer Stroma Descemet’s Membrane Endothelium Physical Examination Pathology Corneal Foreign Body Corneal Abrasion Corneal Ulcers Corneal Laceration Herpes Simplex Virus Epithelial Keratitis Chemical Injury Dry Eye Syndrome [10] Anterior Chamber [3–6] Anatomy Physical Examination Pathology Traumatic Iritis Traumatic Hyphema Hypopyon Lens [3–6, 11] Introduction Anatomy Capsule Cortex Nucleus Physical Examination Pathology Cataract References Chapter 5: Glaucoma Introduction Anatomy and Pathophysiology Aqueous Humor Production and Outflow Optic Disc Anatomy Intraocular Pressure Classification Open Angle Glaucoma Closed Angle Glaucoma Childhood Glaucoma History and Physical History Physical Exam Optic Nerve Evaluation Imaging Diagnosis Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma Secondary Open/Angle Closure Glaucoma Treatment General Treatment Principles Medical Treatment Laser Treatment Laser Trabeculoplasty Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) Laser Cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) Surgical Treatments Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Tube Shunt Surgeries Trabeculectomy Lens Extraction References Chapter 6: Retina Introduction Anatomy/Structures of the Posterior Segment The Layers of the Retina [6] Exam Techniques Retinal Imaging [7] High Yield Pathology and Treatment Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Retina Procedures Intravitreal Injection Pars Plana Vitrectomy References Chapter 7: Uveitis Anatomy Epidemiology History Exam Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Complications References Chapter 8: Pediatric Ophthalmology Introduction Amblyopia Pathophysiology Classification Treatment Strabismus Esodeviations Exodeviations Vertical Deviations Surgical Procedure for Strabismus Types of Surgical Procedures Weakening Procedures Strengthening Procedures Other Procedures Examples References Chapter 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology Visual Pathway Retina Optic Nerve Optic Chiasm Optic Tract Optic Radiation Visual Cortex Afferent Pupillary Pathway Efferent Pupillary Pathway Parasympathetic Pathway Sympathetic Pathway Anisocoria Motor Pathway Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve III Palsy Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) Cranial Nerve IV Palsy Superior Oblique Myokymia Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens) Cranial Nerve VI Palsy Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia Cavernous Sinus Syndrome Optic Disc Edema References Chapter 10: On Call Issues Trauma History Taking Physical Exam Ancillary Tests [2] Selected Diagnoses [2–5] Cellulitis [3] Selected Diagnoses High Eye Pressure [6] Selected Diagnoses Treatment Prognosis The Red Eye [7–9] Anatomy of the Red Eye History Taking Physical Examination Selected Diagnoses [7–9] Flashes and Floaters [4, 5, 10] Selected Diagnoses References Index