Manual of Crime Scene Investigation

Description

Over the past several years, myriad manuals on crime scene investigations have been published with each focusing on select, or partial, aspects of the investigation. Crime scene investigation, done right, is a multi-faceted process that requires various forms of evidence to be collected, examined, and analyzed. No book available has addressed procedures to present global best practices by assembling a collection of international experts to address such topics. Manual of Crime Scene Investigation is a comprehensive collaboration of experts writing on their particular areas of expertise as relates to crime scenes, evidence, and crime scene investigation. The book outlines best practices in the field, incorporating the latest technology to collect, preserve, and enhance evidence for appropriate analysis. Various types of forensic evidence are addressed, covering chain of custody, collection, and utility of such evidence in casework, investigations, and for use in court. The approach, and use of international contributor experts, will appeal to a broad audience and be of use to forensic practitioners, and the forensic science community worldwide. Key features • Assembles an international team of contributing author experts to present the latest developments in their crime scene field of specialty • Examines global best practices and what are consistently the most reliable tactics and approach to crime scene evidence collection, preservation, and investigation • Provides numerous photographs and diagrams to clearly illustrate chapter concepts Manual of Crime Scene Investigation serves as a vital resource to professionals in police science and crime scene investigations, private forensic institutions, and academics researching how better real-world application of techniques can improve the reliability and utility of evidence upon forensic and laboratory analysis. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Editors Contributors Chapter 1. Crime Scene Management Introduction The Crime Scene What Is a Crime Scene? What Is Crime Scene Management? Information Management Manpower Management Technology Management Equipment Can Be in Different Categories Management of Logistics Order Processing for a Crime Scene Crime Scene Equipment Handling Storage of Equipment and Exhibits Inventory Control Transportation Packaging Who Is a Crime Scene Manager? Planning and Preparation Crime scene processing Protocol Scene Assessment Crime Scene Initial Walk-Through Assessment After Walk-Through Action Plan Contamination Issues Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Risk Assessment Examine the Crime Scene Documenting the Crime Scene Notes Scene Photography and Video Videography Sketching the Crime Scene Crime Scene Searching Techniques Physical Evidence Collecting and Packaging Evidence References Chapter 2. Crime Scene Reconstruction Introduction Epistemological Ubication: Scientific Nature of Criminal Reconstruction Criminalistic Principles for Reconstruction Systematic Methodology Reconstructive Aspects of Some Evidences Dynamic Indicia Ballistic Trajectories Autopsy Reports Biomechanical Studies BPA or Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Forensic Clothing Analysis Fire Marks Fixing Evidence of Space-Time Relationship with Criminological Techniques Criminal Profiling Psychological Autopsy Forensic Linguistics Biases in Criminalistic Reconstruction Conclusions Notes References Chapter 3. The Role of the Medical Examiner in the Crime Scene Investigation Post-Mortem Changes Hypostasis Rigor Mortis Putrefaction Adipocere and Mummification Temperature-Based Determination of Time Passed After Death CSI in Asphyxia Deaths Firearms Entomology and CSI CSI in Fall from Height CSI in Sudden Infant Deaths CSI in Suspected Cases of Child Abuse and Neglect Burn Cases Fall Injuries Sexual Assault Transportation Injuries References Chapter 4. Archaeological Evidence Collection Introduction Forensic Archaeology Definition and its use in the Medico-Legal Context Location Assessment Prior the Excavation Excavation Steps Historical Background of the Archaeological Context. Archaeology of the Country/Region Archaeological Evidence Collection and chain of Custody Procedure Textile and Clothing Evidence Metal Detecting, Cartridge Cases and Bullet Evidence Collection Personal Items as Evidence Material Surface Remains Evidence Collection Evidence Collection Using Sieves Tool marks as Forensic Evidence Soil, Botanical and Geological Evidence Other Evidence Collection Case Studies Yugoslav Army in the Homeland case WWII German soldiers' case A case of human remains from a cave Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 5. Biological Evidence Collection Introduction Crime Scene Inspection and Evidence Searching Line/Strip Method Grid Method Spiral Method Zone/Quadrant Method Wheel/Ray Method Evidence Classification Evidence Searching Forensic Lights Chemical Methods Biological Evidence Collection Procedure Evidence at Crime Scene Trasportable Objects Non-Transportable Objects Non-Porous Surfaces Porous Surfaces Biological Liquids Evidence from the Body of the Victim Stains of Blood, Semen, or Other Biological Fluids Saliva in Bite Marks Nails Hairs Oral Cavity Body Surface Pubic Area Cervix, Vaginal Cavity, and Vulvar Region Anal Samples Cadaveric Remains Bodies in Good Conditions Putriefied Bodies Carbonized Bodies Reference Samples Collection Blood Venous Puncture Finger Puncture Saliva Hairs Transfused Subjects Evidence Packing Scene Releasing Evidence Transportation Evidence Storage Chain of Custody Common Errors Contamination References Chapter 6. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Introduction Historical Development Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Significance Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Principle Categories of Blood Stains Presumptive Testing and Chemical Enhancement Evaluating a Bloodstain Case Different Classes of Blood Stains Flow Patterns Blood Pool Impact Spatter Stains Cast-off Projected Stains Expirated Bloodstains Clotted Bloodstains Diluted Bloodstains Dried Bloodstains Diffused/Capillary Action Sequenced Bloodstains Voids Patterns Cast-off Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Projected Bloodstain Patterns Huge Volumes of Falling Blood Patterns Documentation Preserving Evidence Conclusion References Chapter 7. Collection of Botanical Evidence Introduction Forensic Botany Significance of Botanical Evidence Botanical Crime Scene Analysis Searching for Evidence Photography and Documentation Collection of Botanical Evidences Essential Equipment for Collection and Packaging Collection and Packaging Methods for Botanical Evidence Palynological Samples Diatoms from Water Bodies Sample Collection for DNA Analysis Evidence Collection from the Gut Stomach and Intestinal Content Vomitus and Fecal Material Botany Field Datasheet Conclusion References Chapter 8. Toxicological Evidence Collection Introduction Role of Forensic Investigator and Forensic Toxicologist Crime Scene Investigation Different Types of Evidence at the Crime Scene Agricultural Chemicals Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Drugs and Healthcare Products Origin Based Collection and Preservation of Evidence Analysis/Tests for Toxicological Evidences to Be Performed at the Scene of Crime Preventive Measures Taken Up by Forensic Toxicologist Conclusion References Chapter 9. Digital Evidence Collection Introduction Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Computer Forensics Investigation Process Phases in Computer/Digital Forensic Investigation Process Tool Selection Data Collection from Mobile Phones Documentation Review Data Collection from Solid State Drive (SSD) in Digital Forensics Methods The Copying Process (Imaging of SSD) Analysis after Imaging of SSD Steps of Implementation Completion of Data Extraction from SSD References Chapter 10. Forensic Entomology: Overview and Application Considerations History and Current Status of Forensic Entomology Historical Association of Flies and Medicolegal Death Investigations The Relationship Between Taxonomy, Ecology, and Insect Succession Casework Applications Factors Affecting Insect Colonization General Effects of Differing Environments Mechanical Barriers Seasonal and Environmental Differences Lighting Patterns Entomological Evidence Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing Collection Analysis Insect Succession Methods Temperature-Dependent Development Methods Report Writing The Future of Forensic Entomology Professionalism in Forensic Entomology New Advances and Applications in Forensic Entomology Conclusion References Chapter 11. Fiber Evidence Collection Introduction Types of Fibers Natural Fibers Plant Fibers Animal Fibers Semi-synthetic Fibers Synthetic Fibers Mineral Fibers Fibers Obtained from the Hairs of Animals Silk Wool Sampling and Testing Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence Examination of Fiber Evidence Physical Examination Physical Characteristics Thread Counting Microscopic Examination Chemical Examination Burn Test Solubility Test Chemical Test Instrumental Analysis of Fiber Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Chemical or Dye Analysis Significance of Fibers as Trace Evidence Crime Files Murder of George Marsh (1912) Ted Bundy Case Leanne Tiernan Case How She Was Found Length of Time Since Her Death The Dog Collar, the Twine, and the Cable Ties DNA Examination Hairs Found at Intervals on the Headband First British Murder Investigation Exploitation Dog Polymer Identification The Carpet and Bloodstains Beneath Floorboards The Arrest References Chapter 12. Fingerprints What Is a Fingerprint? Conditions Impacting Fingerprints and Fingerprinting History Amazing Find How Are Fingerprints Left? Components of a Fingerprint Patterns Minutiae Types of Prints Inked Prints Latent Prints Processing Plastic or 3-D Prints Patent Prints Surfaces Other Surface Issues Absence of Prints Classification of Fingerprints Palm Prints Comparison-ACEV Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) Cases in Fingerprint History References Chapter 13. Firearms Evidence Collection Introduction to Forensic Firearms Evidence Firearm Evidence Considerations Search and Recovery Equipment Firearm Evidence Packaging and Handling Firearm Safety and Handling 3-D Printed Firearms Handling and Collection Homemade Firearms and Other Miscellaneous Firearms Fired Ammunition Unfired Ammunition Underwater Firearm Evidence Collection Gunshot Residue Muzzle to Target Distance Determination Infrared and Ultraviolet Camera in Gunshot Residue Shooting Scene Investigation and Reconstruction Importance of Crime Scene Reconstruction Preliminary Steps for Shooting Incident Investigations Role of Markings on Projectiles Firearm Specific Markings Post-Muzzle Markings and Trace Evidence Geometric Projection Methods for Trajectory Determination Physical Projection Methods Entry Hole Geometry Probes and Rods Strings Optical Projection Methods Optical Sighting Low Power Lasers Laser Path Alignment with the Projectile Holes in Walls Laser Beam Documentation Positioning Stages Using the Aligned Laser Beam to Determine the Angle Information Intermediate Target Placement in the Laser Beam Dual-Opposed Co-axial Laser Lighting Auxiliary Alignment Targets Crime Scene 3-D Scanning and Software Reconstruction Crime Scene 3-D Scanning Sources of Error and Precautions Shell Casing Ejection/Cartridge Case Pattern Analysis Other Shooting Reconstruction Considerations Application of Chemical Reagents in Shooting Reconstruction Dithiooxamide (DTO) 2-nitroso-1-naphthol Sodium Rhodizonate (Soro) Dimethylglyoxime (DMG) Vehicle Dynamics in Shooting Reconstruction Firearm-Associated Blood Spatter Patterns References Chapter 14. Trace Evidence Soil Forensic Significance Methods of Recovery and Collection Forensic Analysis Paint Forensic Significance Methods of Recovery and Collection Forensic Analysis Glass Forensic Significance Methods of Recovery and Collection Hand Picking with Tweezers or Forceps Tape Lifts Vacuuming Scrapings Shaking Clothing Over a Large Metal Cone Forensic Analysis References Chapter 15. Rapid DNA Analysis at Crime Scenes History of DNA Typing Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and CODIS Introduction of Rapid DNA Analysis Implementation of Rapid DNA Rapid DNA Technology Manufacturers Rapid DNA Instruments and Their Developmental Validation Case Studies on Rapid DNA Analysis Benefits and Drawbacks of Rapid DNA Analysis Past Efforts and Future of Rapid DNA Analysis References Chapter 16. Crime Scene Investigation for Veterinarians: Practical Vision Veterinary Medicine and Forensic Sciences Traces, Signs, Evidence, and Means of Proof Veterinarians and Crime Scene Types of Evidences Testimonial Evidence Physical Evidence Circumstantial Evidence Let Us Look at an Example Concerning Context Effects on Crime Scene Basic Principles of Criminalistics Let's See an Example Let's see an example Managing the Evidence An Example Where It Shows That Physical Evidence Is Not Always Enough Crime Scene First Responder Security/Biosecurity Considerations Zoonosis Preliminary Report or Initial Documentation The Life of Animals and People Prevails Over the Protection of Evidence Triage The Arrival of the Investigative Team Crime Scene Processing by CSI Team Technical/Visual Inspection (Assessment - Observation) Planning and Coordination Perimeter (Evaluation/Reassessment) Check-In Crime Scene Processing Searching for Traces and Evidence Search Patterns Zonal Search Point-to-Point Search Crime Scene Processing Identification of Traces/Vestiges and Evidence Crime Scene Processing Documentation Written Documents (Notes) Let's look at an example Photographs Evidence/Relationship Establishment Photograph Exam or Forensic Quality Photograph Videography Sketching and Manual Mapping Mapping the Crime Scene Rectangular Coordinates Sampling Poisons Firearms Bloodstains Transportable Items: Dry Spots in Small Samples Non-Transportable Item Wet Signs (Clothes or Other Objects) Burns Other Samples Packaging Approach the Corpse Completion of Fieldwork Expert Report (Adapted from Gardner & Krouskup, 2019) General Considerations Final Words References Appendix Chapter 17. Forensic Odontology Introduction Forensic Odontology Dental Evidence in Crime Scene Investigation Bite Marks Effects of the Fire in the Oral Cavity Radiology Evidence Cheiloscopy Rugoscopy Conclusion References Appendix A. Contextualizing Education of Crime Scene Investigation Education Structure and Methods Designing a Contextualized Crime Scene Investigator Training Program References Appendix B. Vicarious Traumatization and the Crime Scene Investigator Social Change Implications References Additional Resources Index