Nitroxides. Brief History, Fundamentals, and Recent Developments

Description

Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 About the Author......Page 11 1.1 Long Preamble of a Tale (1845–1960)......Page 12 1.2 “Golden” Decade (1962–1972)......Page 14 1.3 New Era......Page 19 1.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 23 References......Page 25 2.1 Introduction......Page 32 2.2 Spin Electron–Spin Nuclear Interactions in Nitroxides......Page 34 2.3 Relationships Between the Structure and Properties of Nitroxide......Page 36 References......Page 44 3.1 Introduction......Page 46 3.2 Nitroxide Redox Potential......Page 47 3.3 Oxoammonium Cation Reactions......Page 53 3.4 Nitroxide Cross-Coupling Reactions......Page 58 3.5 Nitroxides in Electrocatalysis......Page 61 3.6 Nitroxides as Radical Scavenger......Page 65 3.7 Nitroxide Reaction with Typical Antioxidants......Page 69 3.8 Nitroxide Redox Behavior in Biological Systems......Page 74 References......Page 76 4.1 Introduction......Page 81 4.2 Spin Electron–Spin Electron Interactions. Distance Determination......Page 83 4.2.1 Spin Electron–Spin Nuclear Interactions......Page 92 References......Page 98 5.1 Introduction—Historical Notes......Page 103 5.2 Electron Spin Exchange in Nitroxide Biradicals......Page 106 5.3 X-Ray Structures and DFT Calculations......Page 110 5.4 Intramolecular Dynamics in Biradicals......Page 117 5.5 Applications of Biradicals......Page 122 References......Page 123 6.1 Introduction......Page 129 6.2 Structure and Synthesis of Dual Fluorophore–Nitroxide Compounds......Page 130 6.2.1 Profluorescent Nitroxides as Redox Probes......Page 138 6.3 Fluorescence Detection of Free Radicals......Page 152 6.4.1 Dual Compounds for Photoswitching Magnetic Materials......Page 153 6.4.2 Photophysical Effects in Paramagnetic Complexes Bearing Nitroxides......Page 156 6.4.3 Factors Affected on Intramolecular Fluorescence Quenching, Electron Transfer, and Photoreduction in Dual Compounds......Page 159 References......Page 166 7.1 Introduction......Page 171 7.2 Mechanism of the Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization......Page 172 7.3 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization Kinetics......Page 175 7.4 Surface and Dispersed Systems......Page 178 7.5 NMP in Creation of Complex Macromolecular Architectures......Page 182 7.6 NMP and Polymer Materials......Page 184 7.7 Nitroxide on Inorganic Templates......Page 186 7.8 NMP for Organic Electronics and Other Devices......Page 187 7.9 NMP and Materials for Biomedical Applications......Page 189 References......Page 191 8.1 Introduction......Page 197 8.2 Nitroxide Bearing Liquid Crystals......Page 198 8.3 Nitroxide Crystal Structure Materials......Page 207 8.4 Nitroxides in Electric Batteries......Page 210 8.5 Nitroxide Single-Crystal Molecular Magnet......Page 216 References......Page 222 9.2.1 Cells......Page 226 9.2.2 Animals......Page 234 9.3 Miscellaneous......Page 235 References......Page 239 10.1 Introduction......Page 243 10.2.1 Proteins and Peptides......Page 244 10.2.2 Lipid Membranes......Page 257 10.2.3 Nucleic Acids......Page 259 10.3.1 Background......Page 263 10.3.2 Spin Oximetry......Page 265 10.3.4 Spin Redox Probe......Page 266 10.3.5 SH Moiety Assay......Page 268 10.3.6 Spin Imaging......Page 269 10.3.7 Molecular Dynamics. Spin Viscose Meter......Page 272 10.4 Alternative Spin Labeling......Page 275 References......Page 283 11.1 Multispin Nitroxides......Page 290 11.1.1 Spin Trapping......Page 292 11.2.1 Fundamentals......Page 296 11.2.2 Nitroxide in Investigation of Electrostatic Effects......Page 298 11.3 Immersion Depth of Nitroxide Fragment......Page 302 11.4 Nitroxides in Cotton and Cellulose Physicochemistry and Technology......Page 304 11.5 Spin Cascade......Page 309 11.6 Nitroxides in Matrices......Page 311 References......Page 313 Index......Page 318